In a groundbreaking publication appearing in the latest issue of Oncotarget, a detailed case study sheds light on the elusive and exceedingly rare malignancy known as laryngeal leiomyosarcoma (LLMS). This uncommon tumor, representing less than one percent of all laryngeal cancers, challenges conventional diagnostic and therapeutic paradigms due to its mesenchymal origin and rarity. The report, authored by Bolat Shalabaev and Zhuldyz Kuanysh from Kazakhstan’s National Research Oncology Center, meticulously documents the clinical presentation, diagnostic intricacies, and multidisciplinary management of a high-grade LLMS in a 64-year-old male patient.
Laryngeal cancers overwhelmingly arise from epithelial cells, with squamous cell carcinoma accounting for the vast majority of cases. In stark contrast, LLMS derives from smooth muscle cells within the larynx, a region traditionally perceived to lack abundant smooth muscle tissue. This intrinsic rarity has led to fewer than seventy documented cases worldwide since the tumor’s initial description in 1939. The diagnostic journey for LLMS is fraught with complexity, necessitating comprehensive histopathological assessment complemented by an extensive battery of immunohistochemical markers to distinguish it from morphologically similar spindle-cell neoplasms.
The patient presented with progressive respiratory distress and voice changes—specifically dyspnea and hoarseness—symptoms attributable to a voluminous supraglottic mass that severely compromised airway patency. Advanced imaging modalities, including computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), revealed a heterogeneous tumor occupying the supraglottic laryngeal region, markedly obstructing the patient’s airway and prompting urgent surgical intervention. The imaging characteristics emphasized a nodular, irregular lesion with variable tissue density, indicative of aggressive behavior.
Microscopic examination of biopsy specimens uncovered a high-grade spindle cell neoplasm characterized by pronounced cellular pleomorphism, abundant pathological mitoses, and an elevated proliferative index. Immunohistochemical profiling was pivotal in establishing the diagnosis: the tumor exhibited strong and diffuse cytoplasmic positivity for smooth muscle actin (SMA) and vimentin, hallmark markers of smooth muscle lineage. Negative staining for epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), CD34, myogenin, and a panel of cytokeratins effectively excluded carcinomas, vascular tumors, and rhabdomyosarcomas, respectively. Notably, Ki-67, a marker of cellular proliferation, was markedly elevated at 60% in hotspot regions, underscoring the tumor’s aggressive biological profile.
The therapeutic cornerstone was an extended laryngectomy with ipsilateral left neck dissection, tailored to achieve complete resection and negative histological margins. Postoperative pathological staging classified the tumor as pT3N0M0 according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) 8th edition system, delineating a large primary tumor without regional nodal or distant metastatic spread. The absence of lymph node involvement in all five regions examined, coupled with clear surgical margins, amplified optimism for long-term disease control.
Recognizing the high-grade nature and aggressive features of the malignancy, a multidisciplinary tumor board deliberated on adjuvant treatment strategies. The consensus advocated for combination chemotherapy, employing agents such as doxorubicin and ifosfamide, drugs with established efficacy in soft tissue sarcomas. This approach aimed to eradicate micrometastatic disease and mitigate relapse risk, acknowledging the contentious yet potentially beneficial role of systemic therapy in LLMS management.
At a rigorous 12-month follow-up, the patient remained free of locoregional recurrence or metastatic disease, demonstrating promising outcomes attributable to comprehensive surgical excision and adjunct chemotherapy. This favorable trajectory exemplifies the critical importance of coordinated multidisciplinary care in managing such rare and challenging neoplasms, where standard treatment guidelines are lacking due to limited evidence.
Beyond the single case, the authors conducted an exhaustive literature review spanning recent studies published between 2021 and 2024. Their analysis corroborated consistent demographic trends—particularly a male predominance—and reaffirmed the predilection of LLMS for the glottic and supraglottic subregions. Clinical behavior varied widely among reported cases, ranging from prolonged disease-free survival to rapid progression characterized by distant metastases. This heterogeneity highlights the unpredictable clinical course and necessitates individualized treatment planning.
The study further accentuates immunohistochemistry’s indispensable role in differentiating LLMS from other spindle-cell tumors in the head and neck region—entities such as fibrosarcomas, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, and poorly differentiated carcinomas. Precise pathological recognition directs appropriate surgical and systemic interventions, directly influencing prognosis and patient outcomes.
Critically, the report reaffirms that achieving histologically negative surgical margins remains the single most important prognostic factor for LLMS. While controversies persist regarding the utility of adjuvant chemotherapy, especially in low-grade or localized disease, high-grade tumors exhibiting aggressive features may benefit from adjunct systemic treatments to improve survival rates.
This case represents the first documented incidence of laryngeal leiomyosarcoma originating from Central Asia, thereby expanding the global understanding of this rare malignancy’s geographical distribution. It underscores the necessity for heightened clinical vigilance, detailed pathological workups, and sustained longitudinal monitoring to navigate the challenges posed by LLMS effectively.
In sum, this meticulous case report and comprehensive literature synthesis not only enrich the scarce knowledge base surrounding laryngeal leiomyosarcoma but also provide a valuable framework for clinicians confronting this formidable cancer. The integration of advanced diagnostic techniques and multimodal therapy epitomizes the evolving landscape of sarcoma management within the complex anatomy of the larynx.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.28862
Correspondence: Zhuldyz Kuanysh – zhuldyzkuanysh@icloud.com
Subject of Research: People
Article Title: Laryngeal leiomyosarcoma: A rare case report and literature review
News Publication Date: 4-May-2026
Web References: https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.28862
Image Credits: © 2026 Shalabaev et al. This is an open access article under CC BY 4.0
Keywords: cancer, laryngeal leiomyosarcoma, immunohistochemistry, supraglottic mass, laryngectomy, leiomyosarcoma
