Rethinking Water Governance: Including Nature in Europe

Water, a vital resource essential for the survival of all living organisms, faces unprecedented pressures due to climate change, urbanization, and pollution. Governance models, historically centered around human-centric frameworks, are increasingly being scrutinized for their effectiveness in addressing the complex interdependencies between humans and nonhuman entities within aquatic ecosystems. In a groundbreaking study by researchers Cao, Barbier, Baron, and colleagues, published in the journal Ambio, the authors delve into the concept of “commoning water.” This fresh perspective underscores the necessity of integrating nonhuman elements into water governance strategies across Europe.

The traditional governance systems that have dominated water management often prioritize anthropocentric views, rarely acknowledging the inherent value of ecosystems and the myriad of species that inhabit them. The research team proposes a paradigm shift towards a more inclusive governance model that recognizes the interconnectedness of human and nonhuman stakeholders. This recognition is paramount, as it allows for a more holistic understanding of water management challenges, which can lead to more effective and sustainable solutions.

At the core of the study is the notion of “commoning,” which implies managing water resources collectively rather than individually. This approach fosters collaboration among diverse stakeholders, including local communities, governmental bodies, NGOs, and, critically, nature itself. The researchers argue that by viewing water as a shared resource rather than a mere commodity, societies can protect this precious resource more robustly against the threats posed by over-extraction, pollution, and climate change.

One of the fundamental challenges highlighted in the study is the fragmentation of water governance. Often, policies are designed and enacted in siloed environments, where the complexities of ecosystems and the realities of human usage are overlooked. The authors advocate for governance frameworks that account for the ecological integrity of water systems, stressing the necessity for multi-scale management approaches that can adapt to both localized needs and broader ecological concerns. This flexibility would lead to more resilient water governance that can withstand the pressures of climate variability and human impacts.

Cao and colleagues provide examples from various European contexts where such a governance model is already in practice. They illustrate how local communities have successfully engaged nonhuman entities—rivers, lakes, and surrounding ecosystems—in governance processes. These cases highlight how collective management efforts can lead to improved ecological outcomes and enhanced community resilience. The transition towards commoning water necessitates new tools and frameworks that facilitate stakeholder engagement and inclusivity, enabling all voices, including those of nonhuman entities, to be heard.

The integration of nonhuman entities into governance models also contributes to a deeper understanding of ecological relationships. The researchers argue that it is not sufficient to merely consider the human aspect of water use; the ecological dynamics in which water operates must also be addressed. For instance, the health of aquatic ecosystems directly impacts water quality, availability, and overall health for communities relying on these resources. By acknowledging these relationships, governance becomes more attuned to the ecological rhythms and needs of the environment.

Further, the authors delve into the socio-political implications of commoning water. In Europe, water governance has been historically dictated by laws and regulations that prioritize industrial and agricultural interests, often marginalizing indigenous and local practices. This research calls for a re-evaluation of these policies, emphasizing the need for collaborative frameworks that include the insights and knowledge of local populations. When governance systems embrace the perspectives of different stakeholders, they can pursue more equitable solutions that resonate with the community’s values while simultaneously ensuring ecological health and sustainability.

The study eloquently argues that the need for a paradigm shift in water governance is urgent and pressing. The accumulating pressures on water resources, exacerbated by climate change and socio-economic challenges, necessitate immediate action. The authors suggest that adopting commoning practices not only aids in addressing these challenges but also lays the foundation for more resilient, adaptive governance frameworks that can thrive in an uncertain future.

Drawing from ecological, sociological, and political theories, the research expands upon the idea of relationality, which posits that relationships among both human and nonhuman entities are essential for understanding the dynamics of water systems. This relational approach allows for a deeper exploration of how different entities interact with water, each other, and their environments, paving the way for innovative governance strategies that can result in collaborative stewardship of water resources.

In conclusion, the study by Cao and colleagues serves as a clarion call for a more integrated approach to water governance in Europe. By adopting the principles of commoning and incorporating nonhuman entities into governance discussions, societies can move towards more sustainable, equitable, and resilient water management systems. This shift not only seeks to protect water as an invaluable resource but also recognizes the essential role of ecosystems and all their constituents in shaping a healthy, thriving environment.

The implications of such an approach extend far beyond Europe, offering valuable insights for global water governance practices. As countries around the world grapple with similar challenges related to water scarcity, pollution, and climate change, the lessons learned from this research could inspire transformative policy shifts that recognize the intrinsic value of water as a common good. The future of water management hinges on fostering collaboration—between humans and nature—and embracing a collective responsibility to safeguard this essential resource for generations to come.

In summary, as the study emphasizes, an innovative model of governance that incorporates nonhuman entities can usher in a new era of water management, one built upon principles of commoning and collaboration. This is not just a theoretical proposition but a necessary evolution towards a sustainable future in which water governance fulfills its critical role in preserving both human and ecological wellbeing.

Cao, Y., Barbier, R., Baron, C. et al. Commoning water and integrating nonhuman entities into water governance in Europe.
Ambio (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-025-02286-7