In a groundbreaking discovery poised to redefine therapeutic strategies for heart attack patients, a team of researchers has unveiled the cardioprotective mechanisms of monomethyl fumarate (MMF) in the setting of myocardial infarction. This new insight, published in Cell Death Discovery, highlights the critical role of HCAR2 receptor-mediated activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in promoting cardiac cell survival and functional recovery post-infarction. As cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of mortality worldwide, this advance offers a promising intervention to mitigate the devastating impact of myocardial injury.
Myocardial infarction, commonly known as a heart attack, triggers a cascade of cellular events leading to irreversible damage to cardiac tissue. The ensuing death of cardiomyocytes and resulting scar formation impair the heart’s ability to pump effectively, often culminating in heart failure. Conventional therapies primarily focus on restoring blood flow and managing symptoms, but few options directly address the molecular pathways that determine cell fate in the infarcted myocardium. The current study addresses this critical gap by elucidating the protective intracellular signaling prompted by MMF.
Monomethyl fumarate, a derivative of fumarate, has long been recognized for its anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties, particularly in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. However, its potential in cardiovascular medicine had remained largely unexplored until now. Zhang and colleagues demonstrated that MMF exerts a pronounced cardioprotective effect through the activation of hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 (HCAR2), a G-protein coupled receptor previously implicated in the modulation of inflammatory processes and energy metabolism.
The authors employed a multidisciplinary approach combining in vivo myocardial infarction models with in vitro cardiomyocyte cultures to dissect the molecular intricacies underlying MMF’s effects. Cardioprotection was evident in treated animals, with significant reductions in infarct size and improved cardiac function metrics compared to controls. Importantly, pharmacological blockade or genetic ablation of HCAR2 abolished these benefits, underscoring the receptor’s indispensable role.
At the molecular level, MMF-mediated stimulation of HCAR2 initiated a signaling cascade culminating in the activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) pathway. This pathway is renowned for its centrality in promoting cell survival, metabolism, and proliferation while inhibiting apoptotic processes. Activation of PI3K/Akt signaling in cardiomyocytes enhances cellular resilience against ischemic stress, facilitating the preservation of mitochondrial function and suppression of oxidative damage.
Further mechanistic insights revealed that MMF’s engagement of HCAR2 instigates the phosphorylation of Akt, which in turn modulates downstream targets such as glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-3β) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), orchestrating a protective cellular environment conducive to myocardial repair. This multifaceted signaling interplay confers resistance to ischemia-reperfusion injury, a major contributor to myocardial damage following infarction.
The implications of these findings extend beyond the scope of acute myocardial infarction. Since PI3K/Akt signaling is instrumental in cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling, MMF or similar agents activating HCAR2 could potentially modulate chronic pathological remodeling processes, offering therapeutic avenues for heart failure prevention. The study thereby opens new horizons for drug repurposing or innovation targeting these molecular pathways.
Critically, the researchers also elucidated the anti-inflammatory dimension of MMF’s cardioprotective action. Activation of HCAR2 led to the attenuation of pro-inflammatory cytokine production and infiltration of immune cells into the injured myocardium. Given that inflammation exacerbates tissue damage and impairs healing after myocardial infarction, this immunomodulatory effect adds a vital layer to MMF’s therapeutic profile.
From a translational standpoint, MMF’s status as an already approved drug for neurological disorders accelerates its potential clinical application in cardiology. Its safety profile and pharmacokinetics are well-characterized, which could facilitate expedited design of clinical trials focusing on post-infarction therapy. This prospect is especially promising considering the unmet need for effective cardioprotective agents that can be administered promptly after ischemic events.
Moreover, the study suggests that targeting metabolic sensors such as HCAR2 could represent a novel paradigm in cardioprotection, emphasizing the interplay between cellular metabolism, survival signaling, and immune regulation. This holistic approach aligns with contemporary understanding that cardiac repair requires integration of multiple biological axes rather than focusing narrowly on one pathway.
The research also prompts further investigation into the precise temporal and dosage parameters for MMF administration to optimize cardioprotection. Understanding how MMF’s effects vary across different stages of infarction and cardiac remodeling will refine its therapeutic window and maximize clinical efficacy.
In the broader context of cardiovascular pharmacology, this study exemplifies how molecularly targeted interventions can redefine treatment standards. By leveraging endogenous receptors like HCAR2, therapeutic strategies can be more specific, reducing systemic side effects and improving patient outcomes. The authors’ insights provide a compelling case for integrating molecular cardiology with drug repurposing initiatives to accelerate innovation.
Finally, the discovery underlines the importance of continued basic and translational research in uncovering unexpected functions of established molecules. Monomethyl fumarate’s journey from neuroprotective agent to prospective cardioprotective drug epitomizes the dynamic landscape of modern biomedical science, where interdisciplinary inquiry fuels breakthroughs with significant clinical impact.
As cardiovascular disease continues to challenge global health systems, such novel insights into myocardial infarction treatment foster optimism. The identification of MMF as a cardioprotective agent via HCAR2-dependent PI3K/Akt activation not only enriches our understanding of cardiac biology but also propels us closer to effective therapies that can save lives and improve quality of life for millions of patients worldwide.
Subject of Research: Cardioprotection after myocardial infarction via molecular signaling pathways
Article Title: Monomethyl fumarate confers cardioprotection after myocardial infarction via HCAR2-dependent activation of PI3K/Akt signaling
Article References:
Zhang, Y., Gui, Y., Belke, D. et al. Monomethyl fumarate confers cardioprotection after myocardial infarction via HCAR2-dependent activation of PI3K/Akt signaling. Cell Death Discov. (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41420-025-02927-6
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