In recent years, a compelling narrative has taken root in public discourse: conservatives are purportedly happier and enjoy better mental well-being than liberals. This assumption has influenced not only political analyses but also broader societal conversations about the intersection of ideology and personal wellness. However, a new comprehensive study published in the open-access journal PLOS One on April 30, 2025, by Brian F. Schaffner and colleagues from Tufts University offers a nuanced perspective that challenges this simplistic dichotomy. Their research suggests that the perceived mental well-being gap between conservatives and liberals may hinge critically on how mental health is measured and discussed, revealing a deep-seated stigma and linguistic sensitivity surrounding the term “mental health.”
The study employs robust survey methodologies, analyzing data from large, nationally representative samples including the 2022 Cooperative Election Study (CES) involving 60,000 American adults and a 2023 follow-up survey of 1,000 respondents. The researchers explored self-assessments of mental health and overall mood while considering a broad range of demographic variables such as age, marital status, religious engagement, and socioeconomic status. Their approach entailed a direct comparison between responses based on the phrase “mental health” and those elicited by the seemingly less clinical but related concept of “overall mood.” This distinction reveals critical insights into how political ideology interacts with respondent framing effects.
Initial results from the 2022 survey replicate earlier findings: conservatives rate their mental health approximately 19 points higher on a standardized scale compared to liberals. Such disparities have previously been attributed to conservatives’ higher rates of religious faith, patriotism, marriage, older age, and greater income levels—factors traditionally correlated with enhanced psychological well-being. However, when the researchers statistically controlled for these variables, the partisan gap shrank but persisted at 11 points, suggesting that other mechanisms were at play beyond mere demographic or socio-economic confounders.
The 2023 experimental manipulation—differentiating between evaluations of “mental health” versus “overall mood”—yielded the study’s most striking revelations. When respondents were asked about “overall mood” rather than “mental health,” the former statistical gap between conservatives and liberals essentially vanished. Conservatives’ highly positive self-assessments of mental health dropped dramatically, while liberals’ negative self-ratings lessened in parallel. This symmetry points toward a linguistic and cultural dimension influencing self-reporting: conservatives may be reluctant to identify with the term “mental health” due to enduring social stigma, whereas liberals might interpret the term more expansively, incorporating greater awareness of mental health challenges.
This nuanced distinction highlights important implications for how researchers and policymakers evaluate mental wellness across ideological lines. The term “mental health” is laden with clinical connotations and social judgment, potentially triggering defensive responses or underreporting in conservative populations. Conversely, “overall mood” appears to strip away some of these connotations, allowing for a more immediate and less stigmatized mood self-assessment. The study hence cautions against accepting raw survey data at face value without considering the framing effects and sociocultural contexts that shape responses.
Moreover, these findings bring into focus the potential role of mental health literacy and awareness in shaping ideological differences in self-reports. The authors suggest that higher rates of “negative” mental health assessments among liberals may not purely signal poorer well-being but rather heightened recognition and openness regarding mental health issues. Such awareness can lead to more accurate or, at minimum, more willing acknowledgment of distress or psychological difficulties. In contrast, conservatives’ tendency to underreport or positively skew their mental health ratings could reflect a form of psychological repression or stigma-driven self-presentation.
The study’s design, particularly its use of large-scale representative samples and experimental reframing of survey questions, represents a significant methodological advancement in political psychology and public health research. By teasing apart the effects of question wording on mental health assessments, the researchers provide a compelling argument for incorporating nuanced measures that capture subjective well-being in less stigmatizing ways, especially in politicized contexts. This methodological innovation may have broader applications for future social science research where sensitive topics intersect with ideological identities.
Importantly, the authors emphasize that the ideological gap in mental well-being is far more complex and context-dependent than previously imagined. Simplistic assertions such as “conservatives are happier” fail to capture the intricate interplay between language, stigma, cognitive framing, and political identity. Their work encourages scholars, clinicians, and policymakers to adopt a more critical lens on widely reproduced claims about psychological health disparities and to reckon with how social meanings attached to mental health terminologies influence self-report data.
The implications of these findings extend beyond academic debates and into practical domains such as mental health outreach and intervention design. Understanding that conservative populations may be stymied by stigma related to “mental health” terminology suggests that targeted public health campaigns might benefit from alternative framings, such as emphasizing emotional well-being or mood states. Reducing stigma and expanding mental health literacy across ideological divides could foster more genuine self-reflection and willingness to seek support among all groups.
Through detailed analysis, Schaffner and colleagues invite reconsideration of how mental health disparities are conceptualized and measured. Their evidence-based critique underscores the importance of linguistic precision and cultural sensitivity in survey research, particularly when these tools influence public narratives and resource allocation. The study’s balanced interrogation of complex psychological phenomena tied to political ideology challenges oversimplified narrative tropes and elevates the discourse surrounding mental well-being in America.
Ultimately, this research reveals that the elusive “happiness gap” between conservatives and liberals may be as much about semantics and social context as it is about actual psychological differences. By shifting focus away from binary political identity claims toward more nuanced understandings of mental health perceptions, the study advocates for a more empathetic and scientifically rigorous approach to mental well-being assessment. It encourages recognizing the diversity of experiences and attitudes towards mental health across ideological spectra and cautions against drawing premature conclusions from surface-level survey results.
In conclusion, the exploration of how framing affects self-reported mental health status offers a crucial corrective to entrenched assumptions about political ideology and psychological well-being. The research conducted by Schaffner et al. illustrates the need for careful interpretation of survey data and prompts a broader reflection on the sociocultural factors shaping individual reports of mental health. For scientists, clinicians, and society at large, embracing this complexity is paramount for advancing equitable and effective mental health policies and understanding in an increasingly polarized landscape.
Subject of Research: Not applicable
Article Title: Do conservatives really have better mental well-being than liberals?
News Publication Date: April 30, 2025
Web References: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0321573
References: Schaffner BF, Hershewe T, Kava Z, Strell J (2025) Do conservatives really have better mental well-being than liberals? PLoS ONE 20(4): e0321573.
Image Credits: Schaffner et al., 2025, PLOS One, CC-BY 4.0
Keywords: mental health, political ideology, conservatives, liberals, survey research, psychological well-being, stigma, self-report, mood assessment, mental health literacy, framing effects, political psychology
