Emerging as a beacon of hope in the quest for renewable energy, all-perovskite tandem solar cells are rapidly shaping the future of photovoltaic technology. These intricate devices leverage the unique optoelectronic properties of perovskite materials to transcend the inherent efficiency ceilings that limit traditional single-junction solar cells. By stacking two perovskite layers with complementary bandgaps in a tandem configuration, they can theoretically surpass the Shockley–Queisser limit, unlocking unprecedented power-conversion efficiencies while promising scalability and low manufacturing costs. Yet, bridging the gap between laboratory successes and commercial reality presents a formidable array of technical and engineering challenges that researchers are only beginning to unravel.
At its core, the allure of all-perovskite tandem photovoltaics lies in their potential to marry cost-effectiveness with exceptional efficiency gains. Perovskite materials, characterized by their ABX3 crystal structures, offer remarkable advantages, including tunable bandgaps through compositional adjustments and solution-processability. This tunability enables the design of tandem cells where a wide-bandgap top cell absorbs high-energy photons and a narrow-bandgap bottom cell captures lower-energy photons transmitted through the top layer. The synergy results in enhanced overall device efficiency that edges closer to the theoretical limits forecasted decades ago but impervious to conventional single-junction technologies.
Despite these compelling advantages, transferring breakthrough efficiencies achieved in small-area perovskite devices under controlled laboratory conditions to large-area, commercially viable modules remains a multifaceted challenge. The predominant fabrication method in the lab, spin coating, is ill-suited for scaling due to its material wastage, lack of uniformity over large substrates, and low throughput. Consequently, scalable deposition techniques such as blade coating, slot-die coating, and vapor-phase methods have gained traction. Each methodology carries trade-offs between film uniformity, crystallinity, and defect density, factors that critically influence device performance and reproducibility at scale.
A further obstacle pertains to the long-term operational stability of perovskite tandem cells. While perovskites are celebrated for their superb optoelectronic properties, their intrinsic vulnerability to moisture, oxygen, heat, and ultraviolet exposure poses serious reliability risks. Tandem configurations introduce additional complexities, as the interconnection layers and junctions must maintain integrity under dynamic environmental stresses without compromising interfacial charge transport. Advances in encapsulation techniques, chemical passivation strategies, and compositional engineering have yielded promising improvements, yet the standardization of accelerated aging tests and the establishment of industry-relevant lifetime metrics remain open for consensus.
Integration from cell to module also commands critical attention. The architectural design of tandem modules necessitates precise alignment and electrical interconnection schemes to minimize resistive losses while preserving optical transparency between subcells. Monolithic versus mechanically stacked architectures impose differing requirements on layer thicknesses, interface engineering, and encapsulation, each influencing module-level performance and manufacture complexity. Implementing scalable patterning and laser scribing processes has shown potential for efficient module fabrication but entails meticulous optimization to avoid damage to delicate perovskite layers.
Yield during large-scale manufacturing is another pivotal hurdle. Perovskite materials, while compositionally versatile, are highly sensitive to processing conditions, leading to variability in film morphology, defect states, and device uniformity. Minimizing defects such as pinholes, grain boundaries, and phase segregation demands stringent control over deposition environment, precursor formulations, and substrate pretreatment. Real-time quality monitoring and in-line characterization techniques are emerging as essential tools to enhance reproducibility, yet integrating these into cost-effective production lines remains a work in progress.
Excitingly, recent field demonstrations of all-perovskite tandem solar cells in outdoor conditions have showcased their feasibility beyond controlled laboratory settings. Researchers report stable power outputs with limited degradation rates over hundreds to thousands of hours, highlighting the progressive strides in stability engineering. Nonetheless, the deployment of these systems on rooftops or utility-scale arrays necessitates addressing practical aspects such as module encapsulation robustness, resistance to thermal cycling, and compatibility with existing balance-of-system components.
Fundamental scientific challenges continue to propel innovation in perovskite materials themselves. The quest for lead-free or reduced-lead compositions addresses environmental and regulatory concerns tied to toxic heavy metals, but alternative chemistries have yet to match the performance and stability of lead-based counterparts. Meanwhile, the incorporation of two-dimensional perovskite layers or mixed-cation compositions offers pathways to enhance moisture resistance and suppress defect-assisted recombination. The depth of material science research remains a critical pillar for translating perovskite solar cells from experimental novelties to industrially mature technologies.
In parallel, advancements in interface engineering have unlocked new potentials in charge extraction and suppression of non-radiative recombination losses. Tailoring the energy alignment between perovskite layers and charge transport materials through molecular design or doping strategies leads to improved open-circuit voltages and fill factors. The delicate interplay of mechanical stresses at interfaces in tandem stacks further underscores the importance of chemically and physically robust interlayers capable of maintaining performance under operational stress.
From an economic perspective, the anticipated low-cost manufacturing of all-perovskite tandem modules offers a compelling proposition to disrupt the solar market. Solution processability and low-temperature fabrication processes reduce energy inputs compared to silicon-based technologies. Yet, the cost benefits can only be realized if scale-up hurdles are overcome to deliver high yield and long operational lifetime, which translate into reliable levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) advantages. Strategic partnerships between academia, industry, and government agencies are essential to accelerate the maturation and commercial adoption of this technology.
Looking ahead, the roadmap for bringing all-perovskite tandem photovoltaics to market includes multifaceted efforts in standardization, pilot-line demonstrations, and lifecycle assessments. Harmonizing testing protocols allows for credible benchmarking of stability and performance. Furthermore, environmental impact assessments and recycling strategies must be integrated early in development to ensure sustainability. Flexible or lightweight tandem modules open new application spaces in building integration and portable power, expanding the horizon beyond conventional energy generation models.
In sum, all-perovskite tandem solar cells stand at the precipice of revolutionizing the photovoltaic landscape. Their unique combination of efficiency gains, tunable electronic properties, and potential cost advantages embody the next chapter of solar innovation. However, realizing their full promise hinges on surmounting scale-up, durability, integration, and yield challenges with multidisciplinary, collaborative endeavors. The ongoing evolution in materials science, device engineering, and manufacturing technology inspires optimism that all-perovskite tandem photovoltaics will soon transition from laboratory curiosity to cornerstone of a sustainable energy future.
As the global energy landscape increasingly prioritizes clean and affordable power, investment in perovskite tandem technology accelerates worldwide. Leading research consortia and corporations are channeling resources into pilot production facilities and real-world testing, underpinning the technology’s trajectory toward maturity. With each breakthrough, the possibility of widespread deployment of perovskite tandem solar cells draws nearer, promising to substantially amplify solar energy’s role in combating climate change and meeting burgeoning electricity demand sustainably.
The scientific community remains vigilant to the dynamic challenges posed by perovskite tandem photovoltaics but equally enthusiastic about their transformative potential. The interplay between fundamental discovery and engineering pragmatism will chart the course ahead. The journey from spin-coated lab prototypes to robust, efficient, and scalable solar modules illustrates the quintessential narrative of translational research, where visionary science intersects with practical innovation to reshape our energy future.
Subject of Research:
All-perovskite tandem solar cells for next-generation photovoltaic applications.
Article Title:
Present status of and future opportunities for all-perovskite tandem photovoltaics.
Article References:
Wen, J., Hu, H., Chen, C. et al. Present status of and future opportunities for all-perovskite tandem photovoltaics. Nat Energy (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-025-01782-0
Image Credits: AI Generated
