Watching others’ biased behavior unconsciously creates prejudice

We unconsciously form prejudice toward groups when we see biased people interact with members of a group. That is according to new research by psychologists of the University of Amsterdam (UvA), who show for the first time that observational learning is an important mechanism of prejudice formation. Their results were published today in Science Advances.

David Amodio (UvA): ‘What we found in our research is that prejudice can form by merely observing other people’s social interactions. When an observer views a prejudiced person’s interaction with a group member, they unconsciously form the same prejudice. Moreover, because observers are unaware that they picked up this bias, they go on to act with prejudice in their own behavior.’

This mechanism helps to explain how societal prejudices spread so easily, for example, through the viewing of TV programmes, YouTube or other social media where biased interactions with a certain groups takes place. By merely observing those interactions, vicariously and with no direct contact, people may take on the same prejudices.

Experiment

During the experiments, a research participant viewed interactions between an actor and members of two different groups. Across participants, the actor varied in prejudice, but the behavior of group members was always identical. When observers later interacted with the same group members, observers showed a preference in line with the actor’s prejudice. Moreover, observers were unaware that they were influenced by the prejudiced actor; instead, they misperceived worse behavior from group members who interacted with a prejudiced actor, when in fact, members of both groups acted the same.

Bad behaviour

Amodio: ‘A troubling implication is that, because the observer believes that their preference is based on objective evidence, they have no reason to question it or control it.’

Publication details

David T. Schultner (UvA), Björn R. Lindström (Karolinska Institutet, Sweden), Mina Cikara (Harvard University, USA), David M. Amodio (UvA). Transmission of social bias through observational learning. Science Advances (28 June 2024).  DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk2030