In recent years, bedtime procrastination has emerged as a pervasive behavioral phenomenon, particularly among young adults navigating the challenges of modern academic life. This growing trend, characterized by the deliberate delay of sleep despite the absence of external factors, has raised significant concerns regarding its detrimental impacts on physical and mental well-being. A groundbreaking study published in BMC Psychiatry explores this issue through a nuanced psychological lens, investigating how resilience, perceived stress, self-compassion, and gender interact to influence bedtime procrastination among Chinese college students.
The study involved an impressively large cohort of 5,153 college students aged between 17 and 30 years, with an average age of 19.91. Utilizing validated psychometric instruments—the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC-10), Bedtime Procrastination Scale (BPS), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), and Self-Compassion Scale (SCS)—the researchers conducted a comprehensive analysis of the intricate psychological factors underpinning delayed sleep behaviors. This robust data set provided fertile ground for examining how internal coping resources and individual differences modulate procrastinatory habits surrounding sleep.
Central to the investigation was the concept of resilience, defined as the capacity to effectively adapt and recover from adverse experiences. The findings revealed a significant negative correlation between resilience and both perceived stress and bedtime procrastination. Specifically, individuals exhibiting higher resilience reported lower levels of stress perception and were less prone to voluntarily postponing their bedtime, suggesting that resilient students may possess enhanced coping strategies that reduce the likelihood of engaging in maladaptive sleep-related behaviors.
Delving deeper into the mechanistic pathways, perceived stress emerged as a critical mediator in the resilience–procrastination relationship. The mediation effect accounted for an overwhelming 91.11% of the total effect, underscoring stress perception’s pivotal role in translating resiliency traits into behavioral outcomes related to sleep. This finding illuminates how resilience may indirectly foster healthier sleep patterns primarily by attenuating stress levels, which otherwise could precipitate bedtime procrastination.
The study further interrogated the role of self-compassion—a psychological construct encompassing kindness towards oneself during moments of failure or suffering—and its interplay with resilience and stress. Data indicated that self-compassion functions as a significant moderator on the pathway from resilience to perceived stress. Higher self-compassion appeared to buffer the individual against stress, potentially amplifying resilience’s protective effects, thereby creating a psychological shield that diminishes the predisposition toward bedtime procrastination.
Importantly, gender differences also shaped these psychological dynamics in nuanced ways. The moderating influence of self-compassion on the resilience-stress link was itself moderated by gender, revealing a dual moderation effect. This gender-specific modulation suggests that the protective psychological mechanisms operating in the relationship between resilience, perceived stress, and procrastinatory behavior are not uniform but rather vary according to male and female college students’ differing emotional and cognitive processing styles.
This multifactorial approach delivers compelling insights into how the interplay of resilience, perceived stress, self-compassion, and gender collectively influences bedtime procrastination. By elucidating these complex psychological interactions, the research calls attention to the importance of fostering resilience and self-compassion in student populations as part of targeted interventions aimed at improving sleep hygiene and, by extension, mental health outcomes.
The implications of these findings extend beyond the academic milieu, implicating broader public health strategies that seek to combat sleep problems linked to stress and maladaptive emotional regulation. Building resilience programs integrated with self-compassion training could prove to be a double-edged sword in preventing sleep procrastination and its cascading effects on cognitive performance, emotional stability, and physical health.
Moreover, the gender-differentiated effects identified invite further exploration into personalized psychological interventions that account for male and female students’ distinct experiential realities. Tailoring resilience and compassion-focused therapies considering gender-specific nuances has the potential to enhance efficacy and engagement, thereby maximizing benefits for mental well-being and behavioral health.
From a neurobiological perspective, the study hints at underlying stress regulatory mechanisms influenced by psychological resilience and self-compassion. Understanding how these buffering factors modulate hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis responsivity and circadian rhythm stability could open new avenues for more precise psychophysiological interventions aimed at normalizing sleep-wake cycles disrupted by chronic stress and procrastinatory habits.
In summary, this comprehensive exploration deepens our understanding of the psychological substrates of bedtime procrastination, emphasizing resilience’s central role accompanied by the mediating power of perceived stress. The moderating influences of self-compassion, compounded by subtle gender variations, add valuable complexity to prevailing models of sleep-related behaviors, highlighting the need to adopt multifaceted approaches to mental health promotion among emerging adults.
As sleep health increasingly becomes a focal point for psychological research and intervention design, studies such as this one underscore the importance of conceptualizing bedtime procrastination not merely as a lifestyle choice but as an outcome of dynamic intra-individual psychological processes intersecting with sociocultural factors. The results pave the way for innovative, research-informed interventions that target resilience building and self-compassion cultivation, tailored sensitively by gender, in order to mitigate stress and promote healthier sleep habits in collegiate populations.
The findings hold promise for educators, clinicians, and policymakers designing supports for students facing the complex challenges of modern academic demands and psychosocial stressors. Effective translation of these insights into practice could yield substantial benefits in reducing the pervasive phenomenon of bedtime procrastination, thereby improving the overall quality of life, academic performance, and psychological resilience of future generations.
Subject of Research: The study investigates the psychological factors influencing bedtime procrastination among Chinese college students, focusing on the mediating role of perceived stress and the moderating effects of self-compassion and gender.
Article Title: Resilience and bedtime procrastination among Chinese college students: the mediating role of perceived stress and moderating roles of self-compassion and gender.
Article References:
Huang, J., Liu, J., Wang, Q. et al. Resilience and bedtime procrastination among Chinese college students: the mediating role of perceived stress and moderating roles of self-compassion and gender. BMC Psychiatry 25, 808 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-025-07268-3
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