Photon-driven electron excitation is a foundational mechanism underpinning the interaction between light and matter in quantum materials, including van der Waals materials, Dirac and Weyl semi-metals, topological insulators and other emergent phases. These enable next-generation optoelectronic, energy conversion and quantum information technologies. However, translating this mechanistic understanding into an engineering implementation is hindered by excitation efficiency, environmental stability and scalable fabrication. In this Review, we provide a mechanistic perspective on key photon-driven electron-excitation processes based on energy flow pathways, including electron–hole generation in semiconductors, high-mobility electron transport in semi-metals, photoemission from metals and low-dimensional materials, and light-induced thermoelectric effects. We examine engineering strategies to enhance the efficiency of these processes, including interface control, material selection and compatible integration. By bridging fundamental mechanisms with device-level metrics, this Review offers a unified framework and practical roadmap for advancing scalable, multifunctional optoelectronic devices that integrate sensing, data storage and computation.
Dong, X., Huo, J., Xiong, Y. et al. Photon-driven electron excitations in quantum materials.
Nat Rev Electr Eng (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s44287-026-00314-6
