In a breakthrough that promises to reshape the landscape of organometallic chemistry, researchers have successfully synthesized metal-centred planar [15]annulenes, a novel class of compounds that push the boundaries of classical molecular design. This unprecedented achievement unlocks new frontiers by integrating a metal atom directly within the annulene core, forging in-plane coordination complexes characterized by unique metal–carbon σ bonds. The implications of these findings extend far beyond fundamental chemistry, hinting at the development of highly stable, functionalizable materials with exceptional electronic properties.
The discovery stands in contrast to the well-established arena of ferrocenes and their analogues, hallmark examples of out-of-plane π-coordinated metal complexes. Since its initial revelation, ferrocene has been emblematic of organometallic innovation, showcasing how transition metals can coordinate with planar annulene anions through π interactions, resulting in profoundly stable sandwich-type architectures. However, embedding a metal atom within the plane of an annulene ring, rather than coordinating above or below it, has remained an elusive synthetic target for decades.
The core challenges underpinning the synthesis of these in-plane metallated systems are multifaceted. Firstly, the structural demands of annulenes capable of accommodating a centrally embedded metal necessitate precise control over ring size and planarity. Traditional annulenes often lack the internal geometrical dimensions and rigidity needed to stabilize such a configuration without significant distortion. Secondly, the synthetic pathways to insert and stabilize metals within these planar frameworks encounter steric hindrance and electronic incompatibilities, making isolation and characterization extraordinarily difficult.
The team leveraged advanced synthetic strategies paired with meticulous molecular design to overcome these obstacles, culminating in the formation of three distinct, metal-centred planar [15]annulenes. Among these, the most symmetrical compound exhibits D_5h symmetry, wherein the metal atom is shared precisely by five identical five-membered carbon rings. This remarkable structural motif results in a highly conjugated, planar framework that defies conventional expectations of annulene non-planarity due to embedded metals.
Computational chemistry played a pivotal role in decoding the electronic structure of these molecules. Using density functional theory (DFT), the researchers revealed that the d orbitals of the central metal actively participate in conjugation with the surrounding five-membered rings. This d orbital involvement extends aromatic stabilization throughout the framework, rendering all five five-membered subunits aromatic. Thus, these complexes exhibit a novel form of multi-ring aromaticity mediated by metal–carbon σ bonding, a departure from classical π-aromatic systems.
The newfound metal-centred planar [15]annulenes exhibit striking parallels to metallo-expanded porphyrins, well-known macrocycles that function as natural cofactors in biological and catalytic systems. Both systems integrate metals into cyclic conjugated frameworks; however, the current [15]annulenes differ by their direct metal–carbon σ bonding and distinctive five-membered ring composition. This structural and electronic analogy establishes a conceptual bridge between traditional heteroatom-based coordination chemistry and the emergent domain of metal-centred annulenes.
Beyond fundamental scientific curiosity, these novel annulene frameworks offer promising avenues for material innovation. Their intrinsic planarity, aromatic stabilization, and metal-centred electronic delocalization endow them with high stability under ambient conditions, alongside facile synthetic functionalization possibilities. This robust chemical platform paves the way for the design of advanced materials with tunable electronic, magnetic, and optical properties, potentially impacting organic electronics, spintronics, and catalysis.
The researchers emphasize that this synthetic breakthrough not only highlights the versatility of planar aromatic systems but also unveils the potential of metal d orbitals to mediate extensive conjugation beyond π frameworks. This insight could redefine prevailing conceptual boundaries in coordination chemistry, inspiring chemists to explore more exotic metal-containing macrocyclic architectures with tailored properties.
Moreover, the facile functionalization of these metal-centred planar [15]annulenes suggests a modular platform for incorporating diverse substituents or metal centers, potentially enabling the fine-tuning of electronic states and steric environment. Such adaptability could spawn a new generation of molecular devices or catalysts, leveraging the delicate interplay of aromatic stabilization and metal coordination.
Experimental characterization combined rigorous spectroscopic techniques with crystallographic analysis, confirming the planarity and symmetry of the synthesized complexes. The correlation between observed structural parameters and theoretical models reinforced the proposed electronic configuration and aromatic nature. This congruence validates the synthetic approach and theoretical framework, collectively advancing the understanding of in-plane metal–annulene bonding motifs.
Intriguingly, these findings prompt a reevaluation of the aromaticity concept in organometallic systems, suggesting that metals can contribute beyond classical π orbital frameworks, extending aromatic stabilization through σ interactions and multi-ring conjugation. This paradigm shift invites further exploration into how metal centers can engineer novel electronic landscapes in cyclic π systems.
In conclusion, the successful synthesis and characterization of metal-centred planar [15]annulenes mark a monumental stride in organometallic chemistry. By integrating a metal directly within an annulene framework and achieving planar aromatic conjugation, this work creates a new class of compounds with foundational significance and diverse application potential. As research progresses, these elegant molecular architectures may underpin future innovations in materials science, catalysis, and molecular electronics, heralding an exciting era of molecular design founded on metal-aromatic synergy.
Subject of Research: Metal-centred planar [15]annulenes and their synthesis, structure, and aromaticity.
Article Title: Metal-centred planar [15]annulenes.
Article References:
Xu, B., Chen, D., Ruan, K. et al. Metal-centred planar [15]annulenes. Nature 641, 106–111 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-08841-2
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