New groundbreaking research from a consortium of cognitive scientists and evolutionary biologists provides compelling evidence that chimpanzees engage in rhythmic drumming, exhibiting distinct rhythmic patterns that differ between subspecies. Published in the prestigious journal Current Biology on May 9, 2025, this study delves into the nuanced temporal structures of chimpanzee drumming, shedding unprecedented light on the evolutionary underpinnings of human musicality. The findings suggest that the neurological and behavioral basis of rhythm, a fundamental attribute of human music, may trace back to a common ancestor shared by modern humans and chimpanzees.
The research team, led by Vesta Eleuteri of the University of Vienna, Austria, meticulously analyzed drumming behaviors among both eastern and western chimpanzee subspecies. These two groups, geographically and genetically distinct, were observed to not only drum with non-random temporal regularity but also demonstrate markedly different rhythmic repertoires. Western chimpanzees consistently displayed evenly spaced drumming intervals, while eastern chimpanzees exhibited a more complex rhythmic alternation between shorter and longer time periods between hits. This subspecies variation implies that rhythmic drumming is not a monolithic behavior but instead involves sophisticated temporal patterning potentially linked to communication and social signaling.
Earlier ethological observations identified that chimpanzees create percussive sounds by hitting buttress roots—thick, above-ground tree roots—that act as resonant ‘drums.’ These low-frequency rumbles travel efficiently through dense rainforest environments, allowing chimps to convey information at variable distances. Building on this knowledge, the study by Eleuteri and collaborators sought to quantify the rhythmic properties of these drumming sequences. Utilizing high-fidelity audio recordings and advanced temporal analysis algorithms, the researchers dissected 371 discrete drumming bouts collected from 11 different chimpanzee communities encompassing six populations and two distinct subspecies.
Significantly, the rhythm measured in these drumming patterns exhibited a degree of temporal precision heretofore undocumented in non-human primates. The timing between consecutive drum hits tended to fall into regular intervals rather than random occurrences, a feature suggestive of intentional rhythmicity rather than incidental noise. This metric challenges prior assumptions that non-human primate vocal and non-vocal communication is largely arrhythmic or stochastic. Instead, the data support a scenario where chimpanzees, much like humans, possess an innate capacity for rhythm-based signaling, hinting at evolutionary continuity.
Moreover, the differential rhythmic styles between eastern and western chimpanzees are of particular interest from an evolutionary biology perspective. Western chimpanzees, who exhibit faster tempos and more consistent timing, also tended to integrate drumming earlier into their pant-hoot vocalizations, a complex call known to play a role in social cohesion. This coupling of percussive rhythm with vocal signals suggests an advanced communicative strategy that might serve to reinforce social bonds or delineate group membership. Conversely, eastern chimpanzees’ alternating rhythms could indicate a different communicative function or reflect ecological adaptations to their specific habitats.
The study’s lead author emphasized that prior expectations were exceeded by the clarity and sophistication of the rhythmic structures uncovered. “Our previous work hinted that western chimpanzees might drum more frequently and rapidly, but the clear rhythmic differences and the unexpected parallels to human musical rhythm were astonishing,” Eleuteri remarked. This observation fuels ongoing discourse regarding the evolutionary origins of music, proposing that fundamental rhythmic abilities were established well before the emergence of anatomically modern humans.
The methodological rigor underpinning this research includes the deployment of computational timing analyses and cross-population comparisons that account for ecological and social variability. By focusing on naturalistic, opportunistic observations rather than laboratory experiments, the research team ensured ecological validity, capturing chimpanzees’ spontaneous drumming behavior in their natural rainforest environments. This approach enhances the robustness of the conclusion that rhythmic drumming is a naturally occurring, subspecies-specific phenomenon rather than an artifact of captivity or human interference.
Catherine Hobaiter from the University of St. Andrews, a senior author on the paper, highlighted the broader significance of these findings. She posited that rhythmic music is deeply ingrained in human nature, yet its evolutionary antiquity has long remained elusive. Demonstrating that chimpanzees share rhythmic drumming traits akin to human musicality forms a pivotal step toward unraveling when and how rhythm emerged during hominid evolution. The rhythmic proclivity observed may represent an ancestral behavioral trait that predates the divergence between the Homo and Pan lineages.
Further enriching the academic discourse, Andrea Ravignani of Sapienza University in Rome, another senior author, pointed to the cross-disciplinary implications of the findings. They invite future exploration into the neural and genetic mechanisms that facilitate rhythm perception and production in primates. Such investigations could illuminate the evolutionary pressures that sculpted the neural circuits involved in timing and auditory processing, which are critical for both communication and coordinated group behaviors.
The study’s results have ramifications beyond evolutionary biology, potentially informing the fields of anthropology, ethology, and music cognition. By linking the neurological substrates of musicality to common ancestors shared with chimpanzees, this research reframes music not merely as an exclusively human cultural artifact but rather as an extension of evolutionary conserved capacities. It suggests that foundational musical elements possibly served adaptive functions in social contexts, affording early hominids advantages in communication, group cohesion, and environmental navigation.
Underpinning the research project was an array of international funding bodies, including the European Union’s Horizon 2020 program, the Austrian Science Fund, and several prominent academic and conservation institutions. This multi-institutional support underscores the global interest in deciphering the enigmatic origins of music and affirming the intrinsic value of primate behavioral studies in answering fundamental questions about human evolution.
In conclusion, the discovery that chimpanzee drumming embodies structured rhythmicity and varies conspicuously across subspecies elevates our understanding of both primate communication and the evolutionary roots of music. These insights dismantle the longstanding notion of human musicality as uniquely derived, positioning rhythm as a shared and ancient trait expressed in the percussive traditions of our closest evolutionary relatives. As research continues to dissect these rhythms and their neurological bases, we edge closer to grasping the ethological and evolutionary narratives that have shaped one of humanity’s most cherished cultural expressions.
Subject of Research: Animals
Article Title: Chimpanzee drumming shows rhythmicity and subspecies variation
News Publication Date: 9-May-2025
Web References: https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(25)00266-0
References: Eleuteri, V., Hobaiter, C., Ravignani, A., et al. “Chimpanzee drumming shows rhythmicity and subspecies variation.” Current Biology, 2025. DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2025.04.019
Image Credits: Current Biology / Eleuteri et al.
Keywords: Music, Primates
