Quantum computing stands at the frontier of technological innovation, promising to revolutionize fields as diverse as artificial intelligence, cryptography, drug discovery, and complex system modeling. At its heart lie qubits, quantum bits capable of existing in multiple states simultaneously, thanks to the principles of quantum mechanics. Yet, harnessing the power of qubits is fraught with challenges, not least among them the difficulty of accurately reading these fragile quantum states without disturbing them. Researchers at Chalmers University of Technology in Sweden have unveiled a breakthrough: a highly efficient, pulse-operated microwave amplifier designed specifically to read qubits with unprecedented sensitivity and energy efficiency, paving the way for quantum computers with far greater scale and performance.
Conventional computing is founded on bits that hold a value of either 0 or 1, encoding information in a binary form. Quantum computers, on the other hand, leverage the phenomena of superposition and entanglement, allowing qubits to simultaneously represent states 0 and 1 in a complex, probabilistic mixture of states. This capacity enables quantum machines—such as a 20-qubit system—to represent over a million states at once, exponentially expanding their computational potential compared to classical computers. Unlocking this potential requires precise measurement of qubit states, a process inherently delicate due to the sensitivity of quantum information to external disturbances.
The act of measuring qubits demands the use of highly sensitive amplifiers capable of detecting extremely faint microwave signals emitted during quantum readout. These amplifiers must function with minimal noise to prevent disruption of the qubit’s fragile quantum state. However, existing amplification technologies generate heat and electromagnetic interference that contribute to qubit decoherence—the process by which the quantum system loses its coherence and thus its stored information. For decades, the search for more efficient, lower-noise quantum amplifiers has been a critical bottleneck in scaling quantum computing technology.
The team at Chalmers University, spearheaded by doctoral researcher Yin Zeng and supervised by professor Jan Grahn, has pushed the boundaries of amplifier technology by developing a transistor-based amplifier that consumes only a tenth of the power required by the best amplifiers currently available, without compromising on sensitivity or noise performance. This dramatic reduction in power usage directly addresses the decoherence problem, offering a pathway to larger, more stable quantum processors.
What fundamentally distinguishes this amplifier is its pulsed operation. Unlike conventional amplifiers that are continuously powered, this new technology activates only when qubit information needs to be read. This time-gated operation dramatically cuts unnecessary power consumption and minimizes thermal emissions during idle periods, thereby preserving the coherence of surrounding qubits.
Achieving rapid activation was no trivial feat. Quantum information is transmitted in pulses on nanosecond timescales, necessitating an amplifier that not only conserves energy but also responds with exceptional speed. Using an innovative approach involving genetic programming algorithms, the researchers engineered the amplifier’s control system to activate and reach full operational capacity within just 35 nanoseconds. This swift response aligns perfectly with the brief duration of qubit signal pulses, ensuring no loss in readout fidelity.
In addition to this smart pulse control, Chalmers researchers implemented a novel noise and amplification measurement technique tailored for pulse-operated low-noise microwave amplifiers. This breakthrough methodology enabled accurate characterization of the amplifier’s performance during the rapid switching intervals, a critical factor for verifying its suitability in quantum readout applications.
The implications of this development extend far beyond incremental improvements in amplifier technology. As quantum computers scale to thousands or even millions of qubits, heat dissipation from amplifiers operated continuously would pose an insurmountable barrier, causing widespread decoherence and limiting computational scale. The pulse-activated amplifier circumvents this hurdle by drastically reducing power consumption and thermal load, effectively unlocking new avenues for scaling quantum systems.
This advancement fits within the broader framework of Chalmers University’s commitment to quantum technology research, notably through the Wallenberg Centre for Quantum Technology, which fosters national efforts toward constructing scalable, practical quantum machines. The collaboration with Low Noise Factory AB, a leading manufacturer of ultra-low-noise microwave amplifiers, provided the industrial expertise necessary to transition experimental concepts into functional components suitable for real-world quantum computing platforms.
Funding from the Chalmers Centre for Wireless Infrastructure Technology and the Vinnova program "Smarter Electronic Systems" has been instrumental in supporting this research, underscoring the strategic importance of bridging fundamental science with technological innovation in the rapidly evolving quantum field.
Looking ahead, the practical adoption of this pulse-operated amplifier could redefine quantum computer architectures. By integrating energy-efficient, fast-responsive amplifiers, next-generation quantum systems can operate with more qubits, longer coherence times, and improved error rates, thereby bringing closer the realization of quantum advantages in various sectors including optimization problems, complex simulations, and secure communications.
The Chalmers team’s findings were published in the April 2025 issue of the IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques under the title “Pulsed HEMT LNA Operation for Qubit Readout.” This study lays the foundation for a new class of quantum measurement hardware essential for the next evolution in quantum computing.
Subject of Research:
Not applicable
Article Title:
Pulsed HEMT LNA Operation for Qubit Readout
News Publication Date:
April 17, 2025
Web References:
https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2025.3556982
https://www.chalmers.se/en/centres/wacqt/
https://www.chalmers.se/en/centres/witech/
References:
Zeng, Y., Grahn, J., Stenarson, J., & Sobis, P. (2025). Pulsed HEMT LNA Operation for Qubit Readout. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques. DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2025.3556982
Image Credits:
Chalmers University of Technology | Yin Zeng | Maurizio Toselli
Keywords:
Quantum computing, qubit readout, low-noise amplifier, pulsed amplifier, semiconductor transistors, quantum decoherence, superposition, microwave technology, quantum measurement, scalability, energy-efficient amplifiers, genetic programming
