As the global population becomes increasingly urbanized, the imperative to transform cities into sustainable, resilient, and regenerative environments has never been greater. Traditional approaches to urban planning and infrastructure, often reliant on resource-intensive gray systems, are proving insufficient to address the multifaceted challenges that modern cities face—from climate change-induced stresses and pollution to biodiversity loss and resource scarcity. Against this backdrop, the convergence of nature-based solutions (NbSs) and emerging technologies like synthetic biology (SynBio) offers a compelling frontier for urban regeneration that pushes beyond conventional boundaries. While NbSs have gained traction as effective, eco-friendly interventions using green infrastructure, integrating the transformative possibilities of SynBio into the urban fabric represents a radical shift in how cities might adapt and thrive.
Nature-based solutions have long been heralded for their capacity to harness natural processes in climate adaptation efforts, such as flood mitigation through wetland restoration, urban heat island reduction via tree planting, and habitat creation supporting biodiversity. These interventions often blur the lines between engineered gray infrastructure—think concrete levees and stormwater pipes—and living green systems. By combining such elements, NbSs devise hybrid approaches that balance ecological functionality with urban requirements. However, despite their promising outcomes, NbSs are not without limits. Constraints tied to space, climatic extremes, and the slow pace of ecological succession can cap their effectiveness. It is precisely in this context that synthetic biology emerges as a provocative and powerful complement.
Synthetic biology, an extraordinary discipline at the intersection of molecular biology, genetic engineering, and computational design, enables humanity to rewrite the very instructions of life. This technological paradigm involves designing and constructing novel biological entities or redesigning existing organisms to exhibit tailored functionalities. In an urban context, SynBio holds the promise to augment natural systems—reprogramming plants, microbes, and other organisms to improve pollutant degradation, carbon capture, nutrient cycling, or even to generate clean bioenergy. Such bioengineered solutions, when coupled with NbSs, could transcend the constraints faced by conventional interventions, offering scalable, adaptable, and potentially self-sustaining systems that respond dynamically to urban stressors.
Nevertheless, the integration of synthetic biology into urban green infrastructure is not merely a matter of technical feasibility but also raises profound ethical, ecological, and regulatory questions. The deliberate release or deployment of genetically modified organisms within city environments necessitates rigorous assessment of associated risks, such as unintended ecological impacts, gene flow to wild populations, and potential health concerns. Public perception and societal acceptance are other critical factors that determine the viability and longevity of such interventions. Despite these hurdles, the momentum behind SynBio is rallying a spectrum of researchers, policymakers, and urban planners to explore frameworks that ensure safe and transparent implementation.
One promising avenue lies in engineering microbes capable of remediating urban pollutants that traditional NbSs struggle to address. Urban soils and waterways, burdened with heavy metals, hydrocarbons, and excess nitrogen, require treatment methods that are effective at scale and minimally invasive. Synthetic biology enables the design of microbial consortia with customized metabolic pathways tailored to degrade or sequester these contaminants efficiently. These living machines, integrated into green infrastructure such as bioswales or constructed wetlands, could continuously cleanse urban ecosystems, lowering health risks and restoring habitat quality.
Beyond pollution management, SynBio can enhance biodiversity in cities by supporting the propagation of resilient and beneficial species. Genetic engineering may bolster plant tolerance to urban stress factors such as drought, heat, and soil salinity, enabling green spaces to flourish in climates that are becoming increasingly inhospitable. Additionally, synthetic gene circuits can be designed to regulate traits like flowering time or volatile organic compound production, tailoring ecosystem services like pollination support or air purification precisely where needed. Such bespoke bioengineering offers a degree of control and efficiency unattainable with conventional planting strategies.
Carbon sequestration, a cornerstone of climate mitigation, is another domain where SynBio can amplify NbS outcomes. While urban forests and soils store carbon, their capacity is limited by species characteristics and environmental conditions. Synthetic biology opens pathways to enhance the photosynthetic efficiency of plants or engineer soil microbes that accelerate organic carbon stabilization. Implementing these modifications within urban green infrastructure could create ‘living carbon sinks’ that dynamically respond to environmental cues and contribute materially to a city’s climate goals.
Synthetic biology’s potential extends even into urban energy systems. Biosynthetic pathways can be engineered to produce biofuels or bioplastics from urban organic waste streams, fostering circular economies rooted in biological regeneration. Integrated with nature-based green spaces and gray infrastructure, such systems could reduce reliance on fossil fuels and minimize waste footprints simultaneously. The synergies unlocked by combining NbSs with SynBio create unprecedented opportunities for cities to transition toward net-zero emissions and sustainable resource management.
However, scaling synthetic biology applications in cities demands robust governance frameworks and interdisciplinary collaboration. Designing urban SynBio solutions requires input from molecular biologists, ecologists, engineers, ethicists, urban planners, and local communities to co-create interventions that are socially just and ecologically responsible. Regulatory pathways must evolve to accommodate the unique challenges posed by novel organisms and living systems deployed beyond controlled laboratory contexts. International guidelines and knowledge sharing will be instrumental in ensuring global best practices and harmonized safety standards.
Public engagement will be equally vital in building trust and transparency around urban synthetic biology initiatives. Educational outreach, participatory decision-making, and clear communication of risks and benefits can demystify the technology and empower citizens to shape its urban trajectory. Moreover, embracing indigenous and local ecological knowledge can enrich the development of NbS-SynBio hybrids that respect cultural values and sustain biodiversity holistically.
The current urban crises—ranging from heatwaves and flooding to biodiversity decline and pollution—demand solutions that exceed incremental improvements. The confluence of nature-based solutions and synthetic biology represents an ambitious but necessary leap toward regenerative urbanism. By augmenting life itself at the molecular level and embedding it within the cityscape, we may unlock adaptive, multifunctional systems resilient to unpredictable futures. Such integration embodies the notion that cities are more than concrete; they are vibrant ecosystems where biology and technology intersect to foster flourishing human-nature coexistence.
Future research must focus on refining bioengineering techniques for ecological compatibility, developing modular and scalable SynBio components for urban integration, and deploying pilot projects that rigorously evaluate performance and impacts across temporal and spatial scales. These efforts will chart the path from conceptual promise to operational reality, transforming our cities into living laboratories of sustainability and innovation. The magnitude of global urban challenges compels exploration of all transformative tools available, and synthetic biology stands at the forefront of this frontier, intertwined with the principles of nature-based solutions to deliver resilient, thriving urban futures.
In conclusion, the marriage of synthetic biology with nature-based solutions offers a revolutionary approach to tackling the complex, interdependent challenges cities face today. While acknowledging the ethical considerations and technical hurdles, the synergistic potential for enhancing biodiversity, climate resilience, pollution remediation, carbon sequestration, and urban resource cycles is profound. This integration invites a reimagining of cities as dynamic ecosystems governed by engineered and natural processes working in concert. As urban scientists and planners embrace this cutting edge, they inaugurate an era where biology and technology collaboratively regenerate the heart of human civilization—our cities.
Subject of Research: The intersection of synthetic biology and nature-based solutions for urban sustainability and regeneration.
Article Title: Tackling urban challenges with synthetic biology in SynCity.
Article References:
Krzyżaniak, A., Hessenberger, D. Tackling urban challenges with synthetic biology in SynCity. Nat Cities (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s44284-025-00313-y
Image Credits: AI Generated
