In an unprecedented breakthrough that could transform the way we explore Earth’s atmosphere and other planetary environments, a team of researchers from Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS), the University of Chicago, and collaborating institutions have developed groundbreaking lightweight nanofabricated devices capable of passively levitating in the mesosphere. This elusive atmospheric layer, perched between 50 and 100 kilometers above Earth’s surface, has long evaded comprehensive study due to its inaccessibility; too high for aircraft and weather balloons, yet too low for satellites. The implications of this research could spark a revolution in atmospheric science, climate monitoring, telecommunications, and even extraterrestrial exploration.
At the heart of these innovative devices lies the enigmatic physical phenomenon of photophoresis — a force generated when gas molecules interact asymmetrically with surfaces that have temperature gradients. Specifically, when one side of an object is heated by sunlight while the other remains cooler, gas molecules rebound from the warm side with greater momentum, creating a net lifting force. In the extremely low-pressure conditions characteristic of the mesosphere, this subtle effect magnifies, enabling ultralight materials to levitate without any propulsion other than sunlight itself.
The research team meticulously engineered centimeter-scale membranes composed of ceramic alumina, a material chosen for its lightweight yet durable nature, layered with a thin chromium coating on the underside. This design optimizes sunlight absorption, generating the essential temperature differential for photophoretic lift. Their fabrication process, executed with nanoscale precision, leverages cutting-edge nanofabrication technologies to ensure structural resilience despite the devices’ extraordinary thinness and delicacy.
Laboratory experiments employed a custom-built low-pressure chamber designed to simulate the mesosphere’s rarefied atmosphere. Here, the team was able to directly measure the photophoretic forces acting upon their devices, validating theoretical models that translate to real-world atmospheric conditions. Remarkably, a one-centimeter-wide membrane levitated at pressures around 26.7 Pascals—precisely mirroring environmental conditions approximately 60 kilometers above Earth—when exposed to just over half the intensity of direct sunlight. This demonstration marked the first-ever instance of a photophoretic structure larger than microscopic particles achieving stable, passive levitation under conditions analogous to those in near-space.
Beyond unveiling fundamental physics, this research pioneers the path for practical applications with profound scientific and technological ramifications. Foremost among these is the deployment of sensor arrays constructed from these floating structures to obtain high-resolution, continuous atmospheric data from the mesosphere — a region critical for understanding weather dynamics, climate variability, and atmospheric chemistry. Current observational gaps in this zone limit the accuracy of climate models and weather predictions, so the ability to position lightweight, sustained monitoring platforms could catalyze a paradigm shift in Earth system science.
Equally intriguing is the prospect of harnessing fleets of these sunlight-powered devices for telecommunications. Operating as a floating mesh of antennas, such arrays could relay data with reduced latency compared to conventional satellites orbiting hundreds of kilometers above Earth. Their proximity to the surface, combined with the absence of onboard propulsion needs, presents a compelling alternative for defense communications and emergency response networks, promising enhanced bandwidth and responsiveness without the infrastructural costs of satellite deployment.
The technology’s versatility extends beyond Earth’s atmosphere. Mars, with its thin atmosphere resembling mesospheric conditions, emerges as a tantalizing target for similar photophoretic explorers. Devices flying passively in Martian air could facilitate novel methods of communication and data transmission, potentially supporting surface missions or acting as relay stations in otherwise challenging environments.
The underlying physics of photophoresis has been known for decades; however, its practical harnessing at this scale has remained elusive until recent advances in nanotechnology made such fabrication feasible. This multidisciplinary collaboration brought together expertise in materials science, applied physics, and atmospheric science. Joost Vlassak’s proficiency in nanofabrication and experimental mechanics provided the technical foundation, while David Keith’s foresight into the environmental and climate-related applications shaped the broader vision. The partnership between graduate student Ben Schafer and postdoctoral fellow Jong-hyoung Kim was essential in bridging theoretical concepts with empirical validation.
Nanofabrication techniques were carefully refined to produce large-scale, yet ultra-thin sandwich structures capable of withstanding the mechanical stresses encountered during deployment. The devices exhibit unconventional mechanical behaviors, a subject of ongoing investigation aimed at further improving robustness and functionality. Future iterations are planned to integrate embedded payloads such as miniature sensors and communication modules, enabling autonomous environmental monitoring and data transmission capabilities.
This research is not only a scientific milestone but also the foundation for commercial ventures. Rarefied Technologies, a startup co-founded by Schafer and Angela Feldhaus in 2024, has been established to continue the development and eventual deployment of these photophoretic flying devices. Supported by Harvard’s Office of Technology Development, the company aims to translate lab successes into scalable real-world applications, potentially ushering in a new era for atmospheric sensing and beyond.
Federal support for this work was provided by the National Science Foundation under the Harvard University Materials Research Science and Engineering Centers program, highlighting the strategic importance and innovative nature of this project. Fabrication took place at the Harvard Center for Nanoscale Systems, utilizing state-of-the-art facilities capable of manipulating structures at the nanometric level.
As steps toward in-situ atmospheric deployment accelerate, the team is focused on optimizing device payloads and enhancing communication links. Designing systems that can reliably transmit real-time data while floating effortlessly on sunlight will mark a leap forward in environmental science and remote sensing. According to Schafer, the sense of venturing into an ‘applied physics Wild West’ embodies the excitement and novelty of the endeavor — a new frontier where fundamental physics meets practical innovation head-on.
Ultimately, this exciting research expands the boundaries of what is achievable in atmospheric exploration, bridging a critical observational gap that has impeded progress in climate science and aerospace technology for decades. The ability to passively fly in the near-space environment on nothing but sunlight, leveraging photophoretic forces, opens up a breadth of possibilities limited only by our imagination and technological ingenuity.
Subject of Research: Not applicable
Article Title: Photophoretic flight of perforated structures in near-space conditions
News Publication Date: 13-Aug-2025
Web References:
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09281-8
References:
Schafer, B., Kim, J.-H., Vlassak, J., Keith, D., et al. (2025). Photophoretic flight of perforated structures in near-space conditions. Nature. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-025-09281-8
Image Credits: Ben Schafer and Jong-Hyoung Kim
Keywords: Atmospheric science, Mesosphere, Photophoresis, Nanofabrication, Atmospheric physics, Climate science, Remote sensing, Thin films, Materials engineering, Applied physics, Low-pressure environments, Space research
