In an era dominated by incessant digital connectivity, understanding the psychological mechanisms that underpin social media addiction has become an urgent area of inquiry for behavioral scientists and psychologists alike. A groundbreaking new study published in BMC Psychology in 2025 sheds light on the intricate interplay between self-efficacy, the pervasive tendency known as “phubbing,” and problematic Instagram use. This study, authored by Peker Akman, Akman, and Çitak, unravels the mediating role of phubbing—a phenomenon describing the act of snubbing others in favor of one’s smartphone—in the dynamic relationship between an individual’s perceived self-efficacy and their problematic engagement with Instagram.
Digital platforms like Instagram have reshaped social interaction patterns, fostering communities but also presenting challenges that revolve around compulsive use and social detachment. The study explores the psychological construct of self-efficacy, defined as an individual’s belief in their capacity to organize and execute the actions required to manage prospective situations. Lower self-efficacy is often linked with maladaptive coping mechanisms, including excessive reliance on social media for validation and social interaction.
Phubbing, a portmanteau of “phone” and “snubbing,” represents a significant behavioral phenomenon increasingly scrutinized in contemporary digital psychology. It encapsulates the act of ignoring one’s immediate social environment by focusing attention on a mobile device, often at the expense of the quality of face-to-face interactions. The research highlights that phubbing may not only deteriorate interpersonal relationships but also act as a behavioral conduit that intensifies problematic Instagram use.
Employing robust psychometric tools and extensive survey methodologies, the authors quantitatively assessed self-efficacy levels among participants alongside their frequency of phubbing behaviors and Instagram usage patterns. Their data suggest that individuals with diminished self-efficacy are inclined to engage more frequently in phubbing behaviors, which, in turn, exacerbate tendencies towards problematic Instagram use. This mediating path underscores a nuanced psychological cascade where self-perception directly influences digital habits via an intermediary behavioral act.
The technical rigor of this study is evidenced by its application of structural equation modeling (SEM), which allowed the researchers to delineate direct and indirect pathways among the variables of interest. SEM is a sophisticated analytical technique that simultaneously tests multiple regression equations, affording clarity on causal inferences within complex behavioral interrelations. By utilizing such methods, the study provides compelling quantitative evidence for the mediating role of phubbing, rather than treating it as a mere correlate.
This revelation is particularly significant in the context of rapidly evolving social media algorithms designed to maximize user engagement. Platforms like Instagram employ machine learning models to tailor content that continuously captures users’ attention, creating feedback loops that can exploit psychological vulnerabilities such as lowered self-efficacy. The study’s findings implicate that interventions aimed at reducing phubbing behaviors could serve as a valuable point of intervention to mitigate problematic social media use, potentially breaking this feedback loop.
Moreover, the research extends beyond mere behavioral observations, touching on the neuropsychological substrates that may underpin these patterns. Self-efficacy is linked to executive functions managed by prefrontal cortical regions responsible for self-regulation and decision-making. When self-efficacy is compromised, these regulatory systems may falter, creating susceptibility to compulsive behavior patterns—including excessive engagement with Instagram, mediated by phubbing. Understanding this neural underpinning offers potential targets for cognitive-behavioral therapies.
In addition to clinical implications, the authors argue this research frames important societal considerations. Phubbing contributes to the erosion of present-moment social connectedness, which could have cascading effects on mental health across populations, particularly among younger cohorts heavily invested in social media ecosystems. The study situates phubbing as not only a symptom but as an active mediator in the feedback loop reinforcing problematic Instagram use, compelling stakeholders from educators to policymakers to address this behavioral dynamic.
The study also prompts reflection on the role of self-efficacy enhancement in digital well-being programs. Interventions that cultivate individuals’ confidence in managing social pressures and navigating offline challenges may attenuate the propensity for phubbing and reduce excessive social media use. Techniques such as mindfulness training, goal-setting, and skills development could empower users to reset their relationship with technology, balancing virtual engagement with face-to-face interaction.
Further, the authors propose a framework wherein social media addiction is not simply a consequence of platform design but also a behavioral manifestation of deeper psychological processes, with phubbing serving as a bridge that connects internal self-perceptions with external behaviors. This reframing prompts a holistic consideration of digital addiction treatment, moving beyond purely technological fixes to address underlying psychosocial dynamics.
It is also important to contextualize these findings within the broader literature on digital media use. Previous studies have documented various detriments of excessive social media engagement, from anxiety and depression to disrupted sleep patterns and academic challenges. However, the mediating psychological mechanisms linking these outcomes remain underexplored. This study contributes a vital piece by highlighting phubbing’s critical intermediary role, thus filling an important knowledge gap.
The methodological strengths of the study include a diverse participant pool, the use of validated measurement instruments such as the General Self-Efficacy Scale and the Phubbing Scale, and an emphasis on cross-sectional data analyses supported by confirmatory factor analysis to ensure construct validity. Such comprehensive methodology enhances the generalizability and reliability of the findings, promoting their consideration in future meta-analyses and longitudinal research.
Despite these strengths, the authors acknowledge the limitations inherent to cross-sectional designs which preclude definitive causal assertions. They advocate for future research employing experimental and longitudinal designs to track the temporal sequence between self-efficacy erosion, phubbing escalation, and increasing problematic Instagram use. Such future work could leverage digital phenotyping with real-time data collection to capture dynamic behavioral patterns in situ.
This study arrives at a moment when global mental health concerns related to digital technology use are intensifying. Its insights offer critical directions for both technological design and public health strategies. For instance, integrating “digital wellness” modules that target self-efficacy and phubbing within popular social media platforms could offer users built-in tools to self-monitor and regulate their usage, potentially curbing addictive tendencies before they fully manifest.
In summation, the research by Peker Akman, Akman, and Çitak provides a nuanced understanding of the psychological and behavioral underpinnings of problematic Instagram use, elucidating the pivotal mediating role of phubbing in this relationship. Through sophisticated analytical approaches, the study highlights the complex interplay between self-efficacy and digital behavior, underscoring the necessity of addressing behavioral mediators within addiction frameworks. As digital platforms continue to embed themselves deeper into everyday life, such insights are indispensable for crafting effective interventions and fostering healthier online ecosystems.
Subject of Research: The mediating role of phubbing behavior in the relationship between self-efficacy and problematic Instagram use.
Article Title: The mediating role of phubbing in the relationship between self-efficacy and problematic Instagram use.
Article References:
Peker Akman, T., Akman, E. & Çitak, Ş. The mediating role of phubbing in the relationship between self-efficacy and problematic Instagram use. BMC Psychol 13, 958 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-025-03327-2
Image Credits: AI Generated
