Sunday, August 10, 2025
Science
No Result
View All Result
  • Login
  • HOME
  • SCIENCE NEWS
  • CONTACT US
  • HOME
  • SCIENCE NEWS
  • CONTACT US
No Result
View All Result
Scienmag
No Result
View All Result
Home Science News Biology

Phosphorylation Blocks TIR Immune Signalling to Sustain Growth

June 9, 2025
in Biology
Reading Time: 4 mins read
0
65
SHARES
594
VIEWS
Share on FacebookShare on Twitter
ADVERTISEMENT

Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain-containing proteins have long been recognized as critical components of immune signaling pathways across diverse organisms, orchestrating defense mechanisms that protect cells from pathogenic threats. These proteins, pivotal in both plant and animal systems, function enzymatically by cleaving nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺), a ubiquitous coenzyme involved in redox reactions and cellular metabolism. Their NADase activity not only mediates immune response activation but also influences cellular homeostasis through complex molecular signaling routes. Despite extensive study, the regulatory mechanisms controlling TIR domain activity have remained enigmatic, leaving a crucial gap in our understanding of immune signaling modulation.

Recent breakthrough research has elucidated a previously unappreciated regulatory layer: phosphorylation of a highly conserved serine residue proximal to the catalytic glutamate within TIR domains acts as a molecular switch that inhibits the NADase enzymatic function. This discovery provides a striking mechanistic insight that bridges regulatory pathways in both plant and animal kingdoms. Phosphorylation serves as a post-translational modification that fine-tunes protein function by modifying structural and electronic environments, thereby modulating enzymatic activities with exquisite precision. Here, researchers demonstrate that the catalytic NAD⁺-cleaving event is dependent on integrity and accessibility of this conserved serine residue, rendering it a prime target for regulatory phosphorylation.

In plants, TIR activation is a double-edged sword; while it is crucial for defense activation, unrestrained activity induces programmed cell death and significantly inhibits growth, particularly under environmental challenges such as osmotic stress. This stress-induced growth repression represents an evolutionary trade-off between survival and development. The present study reveals how calcium-dependent protein kinases (CPKs), which are activated under osmotic stress conditions, phosphorylate the serine residue on plant TIR domains. This phosphorylation event effectively suppresses the NADase activity, thereby preventing excessive immune activation and enabling sustained growth despite stressful environmental conditions.

ADVERTISEMENT

Remarkably, this regulatory phosphorylation mechanism is conserved in animals, highlighting an evolutionary convergence in immune signaling control. The mammalian calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II delta (CAMK2D), along with TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1), similarly targets TIR domains within animal immune components, including the sterile alpha and TIR motif–containing protein 1 (SARM1). SARM1 is well-known for its role in promoting axon degeneration following injury, mediated by its NADase activity. Phosphorylation by CAMK2D and TBK1 inhibits this activity, thus modulating neurodegenerative processes and maintaining cellular integrity. This cross-kingdom conservation underscores the fundamental importance of phosphorylation-mediated TIR regulation.

At the biochemical level, the serine residue in question is spatially adjacent to the catalytic glutamate that is central to NAD⁺ cleavage. This spatial arrangement suggests a direct influence on the active site conformation or substrate accessibility. Phosphorylation introduces a negative charge that likely induces conformational changes disrupting catalytic efficiency or substrate binding. The elegant structural coupling of catalytic and regulatory sites within TIR domains provides a sophisticated mechanism whereby cells rapidly adjust immune signaling outputs in response to intracellular and extracellular cues.

This nuanced regulation via phosphorylation provides a fail-safe that prevents uncontrolled immune activation, which, if left unchecked, can lead to detrimental cell death or neurodegeneration. In plants, maintaining this balance is vital to optimize defense without compromising growth potential, especially under osmotic stress where resource allocation must be judiciously managed. In animals, limiting SARM1 activity through phosphorylation may represent an adaptive neuroprotective mechanism that mitigates axonal loss following injury or disease.

The study utilized a combination of advanced molecular biology techniques including site-directed mutagenesis to identify the indispensability of the conserved serine residue, in vitro kinase assays demonstrating direct phosphorylation by CPKs, CAMK2D, and TBK1, and in vivo functional assays across plant and animal models. These methods collectively illuminated the causative link between phosphorylation status and NADase activity, solidifying the role of this modification as a pivotal regulator of TIR domain function.

Furthermore, the discovery extends our comprehension of immune signaling by highlighting a unified regulatory theme conserved across kingdoms, which alters previous paradigms stating that plant and animal immune pathways are discretely controlled. This shared regulatory circuitry prompts reconsideration of evolutionary trajectories that have shaped innate immune mechanisms and suggests potential translational avenues in agriculture and medicine.

From an agricultural perspective, manipulating TIR phosphorylation states could be exploited to engineer crops with enhanced resilience that withstand osmotic and other abiotic stresses without the yield penalties typically associated with immune activation. Modulation of CPK activity or phosphorylation mimicry could fine-tune immune responses, preserving growth while sustaining defense. Conversely, in the context of human health, targeting TBK1 or CAMK2D-mediated phosphorylation pathways may provide novel strategies to modulate SARM1-driven neurodegeneration, with implications for traumatic nerve injury or neurodegenerative diseases.

This profound insight into TIR domain regulation opens new avenues for research aimed at unraveling the complete signaling networks governing phosphorylation-dependent immune modulation. Questions remain regarding the dynamics of kinase activation under varying physiological scenarios, the interplay with other post-translational modifications, and the potential involvement of phosphatases that reverse serine phosphorylation to reactivate TIR NADase functions.

Moreover, understanding the structural consequences of serine phosphorylation at atomic resolution through high-resolution crystallography or cryo-electron microscopy could yield detailed mechanistic models, paving the way for the rational design of small molecules that mimic or inhibit this modification. Such molecules could serve as tools or leads in agricultural biotechnology or clinical therapeutics, representing a promising frontier at the interface of basic biology and applied sciences.

Collectively, this study illuminates a fundamental biochemical checkpoint that governs TIR domain-mediated immune signaling, embodying a sophisticated evolutionary solution to balance defense and survival across life’s domains. The conservation of this phosphorylation-dependent inhibition underscores the universality of molecular principles underlying immunity and highlights the intricate interplay between enzymatic activity and post-translational modifications in cellular homeostasis.

In sum, the identification of conserved serine phosphorylation as a pivotal suppressor of TIR NADase activity transforms our understanding of immune regulation. By delineating how environmental signals, via calcium-dependent kinases, converge on TIR domains to prevent deleterious outcomes, this research offers a compelling narrative of molecular adaptation and cross-kingdom unity. It charts a path toward exploiting these insights for sustainable agriculture and neuroprotective interventions, heralding a new era of immune modulation guided by precise biochemical control.


Subject of Research: Regulation of Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain NADase activity by phosphorylation in plant and animal immune signaling.

Article Title: TIR immune signalling is blocked by phosphorylation to maintain plant growth.

Article References:
Li, J., Chen, S., Yu, B. et al. TIR immune signalling is blocked by phosphorylation to maintain plant growth. Nat. Plants (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41477-025-02012-x

Image Credits: AI Generated

Tags: cellular homeostasis and immune defenseenzymatic function modulationimmune signaling pathwaysmechanistic insight into immune modulationmolecular switch in TIR proteinsNADase activity in immune responsephosphorylation as regulatory mechanismplant and animal immune systemspost-translational modification in signalingredox reactions in cellular metabolismserine residue in TIR domainsTIR domain-containing proteins
Share26Tweet16
Previous Post

Unraveling Cytokine Signaling in Uveal Melanoma

Next Post

Mental Health Reform: Lessons from the Global South

Related Posts

blank
Biology

Kombucha’s Pharmaceutical Potential: Production, Patents, Challenges

August 10, 2025
blank
Biology

Surfactants and Oils Shape Emulsion Ripening Rates

August 10, 2025
blank
Biology

Mulberry Vinegar Fights Cognitive Decline via NF-κB

August 9, 2025
blank
Biology

Scientists Discover Novel Mechanism Behind Cellular Tolerance to Anticancer Drugs

August 9, 2025
blank
Biology

Onchocerca ochengi Infection Impacts Gerbil Behavior, Physiology

August 9, 2025
blank
Biology

Decoding Finch Louse Fly Morphotypes: Taxonomy Insight

August 9, 2025
Next Post
blank

Mental Health Reform: Lessons from the Global South

  • Mothers who receive childcare support from maternal grandparents show more parental warmth, finds NTU Singapore study

    Mothers who receive childcare support from maternal grandparents show more parental warmth, finds NTU Singapore study

    27531 shares
    Share 11009 Tweet 6881
  • University of Seville Breaks 120-Year-Old Mystery, Revises a Key Einstein Concept

    944 shares
    Share 378 Tweet 236
  • Bee body mass, pathogens and local climate influence heat tolerance

    641 shares
    Share 256 Tweet 160
  • Researchers record first-ever images and data of a shark experiencing a boat strike

    507 shares
    Share 203 Tweet 127
  • Warm seawater speeding up melting of ‘Doomsday Glacier,’ scientists warn

    310 shares
    Share 124 Tweet 78
Science

Embark on a thrilling journey of discovery with Scienmag.com—your ultimate source for cutting-edge breakthroughs. Immerse yourself in a world where curiosity knows no limits and tomorrow’s possibilities become today’s reality!

RECENT NEWS

  • Massive Black Hole Mergers: Unveiling Electromagnetic Signals
  • Dark Energy Stars: R-squared Gravity Revealed
  • Next-Gen Gravitational-Wave Detectors: Advanced Quantum Techniques
  • Neutron Star Mass Tied to Nuclear Matter, GW190814, J0740+6620

Categories

  • Agriculture
  • Anthropology
  • Archaeology
  • Athmospheric
  • Biology
  • Bussines
  • Cancer
  • Chemistry
  • Climate
  • Earth Science
  • Marine
  • Mathematics
  • Medicine
  • Pediatry
  • Policy
  • Psychology & Psychiatry
  • Science Education
  • Social Science
  • Space
  • Technology and Engineering

Subscribe to Blog via Email

Enter your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email.

Join 4,860 other subscribers

© 2025 Scienmag - Science Magazine

Welcome Back!

Login to your account below

Forgotten Password?

Retrieve your password

Please enter your username or email address to reset your password.

Log In
No Result
View All Result
  • HOME
  • SCIENCE NEWS
  • CONTACT US

© 2025 Scienmag - Science Magazine

Discover more from Science

Subscribe now to keep reading and get access to the full archive.

Continue reading