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Home Science News Agriculture

Island bats are valuable allies for farmers

April 16, 2024
in Agriculture
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Grey long-eared bat (Plecotus austriacus)
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The 17th April is international bat appreciation day and a new study has highlighted how these secretive mammals can be valuable allies for farmers, by feeding on important agricultural pests. The findings demonstrate that encouraging bat species can be a win-win for both conservation efforts and local farmers. 

Grey long-eared bat (Plecotus austriacus)

Credit: Adrià López-Baucells.

For Immediate Release – Tuesday 16 April 2024

Island bats are valuable allies for farmers 

The 17th April is international bat appreciation day and a new study has highlighted how these secretive mammals can be valuable allies for farmers, by feeding on important agricultural pests. The findings demonstrate that encouraging bat species can be a win-win for both conservation efforts and local farmers. 

Thanks to their ability to fly, bats have successfully colonized many different oceanic islands. A newly-published study in the Journal of Mammalogy has finally revealed what is on the menu of these secretive mammals living on the sub-tropical island of Madeira (Portugal), and it is good news for local farmers. 

Bats account for about one-fifth of all mammal species and are particularly important in island ecosystems, which typically have far fewer mammals than mainland areas. But up to now, the specific diets of island-dwelling bat species have been poorly studied. 

The new study investigated the three bat species that live on Madeira: the Madeira Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus maderensis), the Madeira Lesser Noctule (Nyctalus leisleri verrucosus), and the Grey Long-eared Bat (Plecotus austriacus). The research team captured then collected droppings from over 100 individual bats, before extracting DNA from the faeces to work out which species the bats were eating. This revealed that all three bat species had highly diverse diets – eating over 50 different species between them, including beetles, butterflies, flies, moths, and spiders. Overall, 40% (23) of the identified species were likely or confirmed agricultural or forestry pests. 

Lead author of the study Angelina Gonçalves (University of Porto, Portugal) said: ‘We anticipated that all three species would primarily feed on nocturnal butterflies; however, we did not expect that over 40% of the species detected in the bats’ diet are likely or confirmed agricultural or forestry pests.’  

The pest species found to be eaten by the bats included banana moths (Opogona sacchari) – a well-known agricultural pest that, as the name indicates, impacts banana trees, an important crop for the local economy. Other pests eaten by the bats included turnip moths (one of the most damaging insects to vegetables and cereals) and the golden twin-spot moth (Chrysodeixis chalcites), which is one of the four most important pests of European greenhouse crops. In addition, the bats were also found to feed on a parasite of humans: Psychoda albipennis, which can cause urogenital myiasis, resulting in abdominal pain, diarrhoea, and burning sensations.

Collecting the bats for the study initially proved highly challenging for the research team. The process involved using mist nets (which resemble volleyball nets) to temporarily capture individuals until their faecal samples could be collected. However, with finely tuned echolocation abilities, the bats were easily able to evade the nets. Angelina Gonçalves added: ‘Fortunately, we discovered that the bats lowered their guard when they came to drink so we changed tactics slightly and waited at strategic water points. In this way, we were then able to capture enough individuals to conduct our research.’ 

Agricultural expansion is one of the main causes of biodiversity decline worldwide, however some species can exploit resources in agricultural areas. As this study demonstrates, encouraging bats can be mutually beneficial for both conservation aims and supporting island agricultural communities.  

Study co-author Associate Professor Ricardo Rocha (Department of Biology, University of Oxford), said: ‘An increasing number of farmers are using bat boxes to attract insectivorous bats to their fields. During our study, we experimented by placing some in the protected area where we were working, and to our excitement, some of these are now inhabited by the vulnerable Madeiran Pipistrelles. This suggests that deploying simple artificial bat roosts might lead to win-win outcomes for both conservation and local farmers.’  

Associate Professor Ricardo Rocha added: ‘Bats often get a bad rap. Our study highlights their significance, revealing that while their nocturnal habits and secretive lifestyle make them elusive to many, insectivorous bats play a crucial role in the ecosystems they inhabit and, through the ecosystem services they provide, they can help humans in multiple ways.’ 

This research was supported by the National Geographic Society and ARDITI—Madeira’s Regional Agency for the Development of Research. 

Notes to editors 

The paper ‘A metabarcoding assessment of the diet of the insectivorous bats of Madeira Island, Macaronesia’ has been published in Journal of Mammology. It is available online at:

Interviews with the corresponding author are available on request. Media contact below: 

Ricardo Rocha – ricardo.rocha@biology.ox.ac.uk  

Images of the bats and the study location are available here These images are for editorial purposes and must be credited (captions and credits are in the image name). They must NOT be sold on to third parties.

About the University of Oxford 

Oxford University has been placed number 1 in the Times Higher Education World University Rankings for the eighth year running, and ​number 3 in the QS World Rankings 2024. At the heart of this success are the twin-pillars of our ground-breaking research and innovation and our distinctive educational offer. 

Oxford is world-famous for research and teaching excellence and home to some of the most talented people from across the globe. Our work helps the lives of millions, solving real-world problems through a huge network of partnerships and collaborations. The breadth and interdisciplinary nature of our research alongside our personalised approach to teaching sparks imaginative and inventive insights and solutions. 

Through its research commercialisation arm, Oxford University Innovation, Oxford is the highest university patent filer in the UK and is ranked first in the UK for university spinouts, having created more than 300 new companies since 1988. Over a third of these companies have been created in the past five years. The university is a catalyst for prosperity in Oxfordshire and the United Kingdom, contributing £15.7 billion to the UK economy in 2018/19, and supports more than 28,000 full time jobs. 

The Department of Biology is a University of Oxford department within the Maths, Physical, and Life Sciences Division. It utilises academic strength in a broad range of bioscience disciplines to tackle global challenges such as food security, biodiversity loss, climate change and global pandemics. It also helps to train and equip the biologists of the future through holistic undergraduate and graduate courses. For more information visit www.biology.ox.ac.uk. 



Journal

Journal of Mammalogy

DOI

10.1093/jmammal/gyae033

Article Title

A metabarcoding assessment of the diet of the insectivorous bats of Madeira Island, Macaronesia

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