A groundbreaking study protocol published in BMC Psychiatry promises to revolutionize our understanding of how synchrony—the subtle, often unconscious mirroring of behavior and physiology between individuals—can become a powerful curative force in mental health. Challenging conventional wisdom that more synchrony is always better, this innovative research introduces the concept of an individual-specific synchrony signature, a stable trait-like pattern unique to each person that dictates how synchrony operates across different relationships and contexts.
Synchrony is known to underpin positive social connections and has been linked to numerous mental health outcomes. Yet, until now, the specific mechanisms through which synchrony fosters healing have remained elusive. The new research protocol authored by Zilcha-Mano and colleagues critically interrogates the assumption that increasing synchrony universally promotes therapeutic change. Instead, it posits that synchrony’s therapeutic power lies in precise, individualized adjustments tailored to each person’s unique synchrony signature—rather than simply amplifying synchrony indiscriminately.
At the heart of this paradigm shift lies a sophisticated framework proposed by Zilcha-Mano in 2024 that articulates synchrony as a dynamic interplay of stable, trait-like components and moment-to-moment, state-like fluctuations. The study protocol aims to systematically evaluate this framework using psychotherapy as a real-world laboratory to dissect interpersonal synchrony with unprecedented granularity. By doing so, the research seeks to uncover how the direction and magnitude of synchrony calibrations can be personalized to trigger curative effects.
This endeavor is structured into two complementary studies, both of which harness cutting-edge multimodal measurement techniques. The first study explores the existence and characteristics of individual synchrony signatures in a cohort of 68 participants, half of whom live with major depressive disorder (MDD). Employing the innovative Synchrony Interaction Paradigm, researchers will track nuanced markers spanning bodily movement, acoustic signals, physiological changes, hormonal patterns, and facial expressions. The integration of these diverse data streams allows for disentangling stable synchrony traits from transient interactional shifts, a distinction critical for understanding the synchrony-health link.
The second study leverages these insights in a randomized controlled trial involving 78 individuals with MDD. Participants will be assigned either to receive psychotherapy designed to target interpersonal mechanisms or to a control waiting list. This experimental design enables the team to test whether tailoring therapeutic interventions according to each patient’s synchrony signature yields superior outcomes. Here, synchrony is treated not as a one-size-fits-all phenomenon but as a carefully modulated mechanism calibrated to each participant’s unique interpersonal dynamic profile.
Methodologically, this research represents a fusion of ecological validity and experimental precision. Psychotherapy provides a naturalistic human interaction setting rich with authentic emotional exchange, while the laboratory-grade data acquisition ensures rigorous capture of subtle synchrony markers. This dual approach affords a rare window into the real-time unfolding of interpersonal synchrony and its role in therapeutic change, surpassing limitations of earlier studies that relied on static or single-modality measures.
A standout feature of this protocol is its acknowledgment of synchrony’s multi-modal nature. By simultaneously tracking multiple physiological, behavioral, and hormonal indices, the researchers aim to holistically map the synchrony landscape. For example, micro-movements may link to neurological synchrony, while hormonal fluctuations could index underlying affective attunement. Parsing these interconnected layers will shed light on how diverse synchrony dimensions coalesce to form stable interpersonal signatures that are amenable to therapeutic modulation.
If successful, this research may fundamentally reshape clinical practice. Traditional therapeutic models often overlook the importance of an individual’s characteristic synchrony patterns, applying uniform strategies to patient care. Introducing a personalized synchrony framework has the potential to generate more precise and adaptive interventions, thus enhancing efficacy and reducing treatment resistance. This precision medicine approach aligns with broader trends in psychiatry aiming to tailor therapies based on individual biological and behavioral profiles.
Moreover, the implications extend beyond psychotherapy. Synchrony is a universal feature of human social life, influencing everything from parent-child bonding to workplace dynamics. Understanding how synchrony functions idiosyncratically across people could inform the design of social robots, educational programs, and interpersonal training in diverse domains. The translational value of this research promises to bridge neuroscience, psychology, and clinical innovation.
The study is registered at clinicaltrials.gov (Identifier: NCT06749392), with recruitment scheduled to commence shortly. Researchers emphasize that this is a pioneering effort, marking the first prospective, systematic test of the individual-specific synchrony signature model. By rigorously examining how finely tuned adjustments to synchrony can facilitate mental health recovery, the research sets the stage for a new era of individualized interpersonal therapeutics.
It is worth noting that this protocol also addresses significant methodological gaps in current synchrony research. Many past studies suffer from small samples, lack of control groups, or reliance on limited synchrony indicators. This robust, multimodal, and controlled design enhances the reproducibility and generalizability of findings, offering a replicable template for future investigations.
In sum, this ambitious research agenda challenges us to rethink synchrony not as a monolithic or universally beneficial phenomenon but as an individualized, multi-layered mechanism whose therapeutic potential is realized only through personalized calibration. The confirmation of this framework would not only deepen scientific understanding of social neuroscience but could catalyze a paradigm shift in mental health treatment, moving psychiatry closer to the elusive goal of truly personalized care.
With the growing global burden of depression and other mental disorders, innovations such as these could have profound societal impact. Beyond alleviating suffering, nuanced insights into interpersonal synchrony might unlock novel pathways for fostering human connection and resilience, ultimately enhancing well-being across the lifespan. The coming years will reveal whether this promising scientific venture redefines the frontier of curative interpersonal mechanisms in mental health.
Subject of Research: The role of individual-specific synchrony signatures as mechanisms of therapeutic change in mental health, specifically major depressive disorder.
Article Title: An individual-specific understanding of how synchrony becomes curative: study protocol
Article References:
Zilcha-Mano, S., Bouknik, Y., Malka, M. et al. An individual-specific understanding of how synchrony becomes curative: study protocol. BMC Psychiatry 25, 587 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-025-06539-3
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