A groundbreaking international study led by the University of Jyväskylä has shed light on why certain songs resonate so deeply throughout our lives, pinpointing adolescence—around age 17—as the pivotal period for forging enduring emotional connections to music. This phenomenon, widely recognized in psychology as the “reminiscence bump,” reveals how music from our teenage years imprints on our identity, a discovery that provides both fresh neurobiological insight and complex sociocultural context. By examining nearly 2,000 participants from 84 countries, the study exposes the intricate interplay between brain maturation, emotional development, and cultural consumption that culminates in this lasting musical memory effect.
Dr. Iballa Burunat, leading the research at the Centre of Excellence in Music, Mind, Body and Brain at the University of Jyväskylä, attributes the reminiscence bump to a convergence of neurological and experiential factors uniquely characteristic of adolescence. During this developmental window, the brain experiences heightened plasticity, reward sensitivity, and emotional reactivity. The adolescent brain is a dynamic organ, described by Burunat as a “sponge” primed for absorbing novel experiences without the fully mature cognitive filters present in adulthood. These factors contribute to more vivid encoding of music, which in turn fosters stronger, longer-lasting emotional ties that shape an individual’s identity over time.
Intriguingly, the study unveils notable gender differences in the timing and nature of the reminiscence bump. Men’s peak emotional connection to music tends to manifest earlier, around age 16, whereas women experience this peak somewhat later, beyond age 19. While direct qualitative data explaining this differential were lacking, the researchers propose an interpretation grounded in existing psychological frameworks. For males, musical identity frequently crystallizes during early adolescence, propelled by socialization processes emphasizing autonomy and experimentation. For females, the formation of musical identity appears more protracted, influenced by emotional relationships and evolving social roles extending into young adulthood.
The ramifications of these gender-divergent trajectories suggest that culture and biology intersect intricately in molding musical memory. Women’s broader engagement with genres such as pop, soul, and classical, often linked to emotional bonding, may contribute to the temporal shift in their reminiscence bump. Men’s affinity for genres characterized by intensity and rebelliousness may amplify earlier peaks associated with identity formation. This nuanced understanding reflects how music functions not merely as entertainment but as a social and emotional scaffold that resonates differently across demographics.
Further complexity arises when considering music’s longitudinal impact across the lifespan. For men, adolescent music frequently serves as a lifelong emotional anchor, reinforcing cultural scripts of youth and rebellion as emblematic of masculinity. Women, however, exhibit a dynamic relationship with music that continues to evolve well into middle age and beyond. Starting in their mid-forties, notable shifts occur where music becomes a tool for emotional expression and social connection linked to contemporary life events, rather than solely nostalgic recall. This plasticity of musical memory points to an adaptive process by which individuals use music to navigate personal growth and relational milestones throughout adulthood.
Compellingly, the investigation highlights a counterintuitive phenomenon termed the “cascading reminiscence bump,” where younger listeners form strong emotional attachments to music from eras significantly preceding their own birth—typically 25 years or more. This cross-generational resonance underscores the enduring influence of family and cultural transmission, where parental music preferences and historical musical icons imprint on subsequent generations. Such findings lend credence to the concept that music acts as a cultural vessel, transmitting collective memory and identity across temporal divides.
Neurologically, the study builds upon extant research demonstrating how music activates not only the auditory cortex but also limbic and reward circuits—including the amygdala and nucleus accumbens—thereby facilitating potent emotional encoding. Unlike other sensory cues like smells that evoke instantaneous, nonverbal memories, music unfolds temporally, leveraging its rhythm, melody, and harmonic structure to organize autobiographical memory into sequenced narratives. This temporal dimension enables music to act both as a “time machine” and a “storyteller,” rekindling not just isolated feelings but the full context of personal experiences.
These findings carry profound implications for cognitive neuroscience and the psychology of memory, framing music as a foundational element in constructing the narrative self. By anchoring identity in aural experiences during a sensitive developmental phase, music affirms its unique role in emotional scaffolding and biographical continuity. The differential lifespan trajectories between men and women observed in the study further emphasize that musical memory is not monolithic but intricately shaped by interplay of neurobiological maturation, gendered socialization, and cultural engagement.
Beyond academic relevance, the study offers encouraging perspectives on music’s therapeutic potential. Understanding how music distinctively influences identity formation and emotional well-being suggests avenues for personalized interventions in mental health and aging populations. Harnessing the reminiscence bump and cascading effects could enhance therapies targeting memory, mood disorders, and social connectedness, particularly where verbal recall is impaired.
Ultimately, this expansive research elevates music from a mere pastime to an essential component of human existence—a complex biocultural artifact enabling identity continuity, emotional resilience, and social cohesion. As Dr. Burunat poignantly concludes, music is far more than entertainment; it is a living archive of who we are, who we were, and who we aspire to become.
For those intrigued by the detailed dynamics of musical memory, an interactive chart elucidating the lifespan “musical memory landscape” is available at Dr. Burunat’s project page, offering a compelling visualization of this novel research’s insights.
Subject of Research: People
Article Title: Memory bumps across the lifespan in personally meaningful music
News Publication Date: 15-Sep-2025
Web References: https://iburunat.github.io/RemBump
References: DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2025.2557960
Image Credits: Iballa Burunat, University of Jyväskylä, Centre of Excellence in Music, Mind and Brain
Keywords: reminiscence bump, musical memory, adolescence, identity formation, gender differences, neuroplasticity, emotional encoding, autobiographical memory, cultural transmission, lifespan development
