On March 2, 2025, a significant milestone in lunar exploration was achieved when the Southwest Research Institute (SwRI)-led Lunar Magnetotelluric Sounder (LMS) was successfully deployed on the surface of the Moon. The mission, which commenced aboard Firefly Aerospace’s Blue Ghost 1 lander, commenced hours after the lander touched down in the Mare Crisium, an ancient lunar impact basin. Serving as humanity’s first extraterrestrial application of magnetotellurics, the LMS is engineered to illuminate the Moon’s internal structure by measuring the subtle natural electric and magnetic field variations present in the lunar environment.
The deployment of the Lunar Magnetotelluric Sounder is rooted in over five decades of scientific application of magnetotellurics on Earth. Dr. Robert Grimm, the principal investigator of LMS and a program director at SwRI, emphasized the long-standing utility of this technique, which has been invaluable in diverse disciplines ranging from natural resource exploration to understanding complex geological processes. Specifically, the LMS is designed to study how easily electrical currents can traverse various subsurface materials, ultimately leading to insights about their compositional and structural characteristics.
One of the most striking aspects of this mission is the geographical and geological context in which it takes place. Mare Crisium stands distinct from the expansive, interconnected lava plains in which the Apollo missions primarily operated. Most lunar missions have focused on regions to the west of Mare Crisium, where the crust has been shown to possess unique compositional traits. As a result, the Mare Crisium site is hypothesized to enable the LMS to generate the first comprehensive geophysical measurements that may better represent the Moon’s overall geology.
The instrument features an array of five sensors that were deployed across a sizable area, roughly equivalent to half the length of a football field. The sensor array configuration, with four sensors positioned at 90-degree angles, enables enhanced data collection on a range of geophysical properties across various depths. The LMS is anticipated to probe the Moon’s interior to depths reaching 700 miles, or about two-thirds of its radius, promising to shed light on processes governing the Moon’s thermal history and material differentiation.
Within the realm of geophysics, understanding the composition and structure of celestial bodies is critical for piecing together the history of planetary formation and evolution. The Moon, akin to other solid bodies in our solar system, holds secrets of its past that are etched into its geophysical fabric. By utilizing the principles of magnetotellurics, the LMS will be able to map the subsurface of the Moon and provide data to facilitate a deeper understanding of its formation and the dynamic processes that shaped it over billions of years.
The overarching goal of this mission aligns with NASA’s Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) initiative, which seeks to leverage commercial capabilities for lunar exploration. By offering funding and support for commercial delivery services, NASA is fostering an environment conducive to industry growth while simultaneously advancing scientific inquiry into the Moon’s geology. In this framework, LMS represents a collaborative effort between various institutions, highlighting the importance of partnerships in modern space exploration.
The technological components of the LMS instrument are noteworthy as well. SwRI assumed the design and construction responsibilities, producing a highly capable instrument that promises to deliver essential data from the lunar surface. This endeavor is complemented by contributions from NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, which provided the magnetometer for measuring magnetic fields. Additionally, Heliospace Corporation contributed to the mission by supplying the magnetometer mast and the electrical field measurement electrodes.
Testing the operational capabilities of LMS on the Moon opens a new chapter in planetary science, one where commercial partners can play an integral role in advancing human understanding of extraterrestrial environments. As NASA’s CLPS initiative unfolds, multiple organizations are expected to compete for opportunities to explore the Moon and beyond, promising a richer understanding of our solar system’s vast array of bodies.
Amidst the complex interplay of geological forces, the LMS aims to clarify the processes that have contributed to the Moon’s current state. One of the most pressing questions scientists hope to address involves the nature of material differentiation within its crust and what this might convey about the Moon’s thermal evolution. The cratered and rugged landscape of the Moon encapsulates a history of impacts, volcanic activity, and other geophysical processes, all of which provide rich context for data analysis.
The deployment of LMS promises to yield a wealth of data over the course of its mission. Scientists expect the information gleaned from the Moon’s depths will correlate with prior studies conducted on Earth, thus enhancing our understanding of planetary formation not just within our lunar neighbor but across the solar system more broadly. Moreover, the unique conditions present on the Moon amplify the significance of this mission—situating the LMS at the forefront of planetary geophysics research.
Excitement is building within the scientific community as the Lunar Magnetotelluric Sounder embarks on its mission to unveil the hidden dimensions of the Moon. The implications of its findings extend beyond mere academic curiosity; they could redefine our understanding of the Moon’s role in the evolution of terrestrial planets. As science ventures ever deeper into space, the data gathered by instruments like the LMS provides invaluable insights, charting the pathways to better comprehend our planetary heritage.
In summary, the lunar landscape is poised to share its secrets, and with the successful deployment of the Lunar Magnetotelluric Sounder, researchers are on the brink of an exciting new era of lunar exploration. As data flows in and analyses commence, we may soon witness profound revelations about not just the Moon but also the broader mechanisms that govern celestial bodies throughout the universe.
Subject of Research: Lunar Geophysics
Article Title: Lunar Magnetotelluric Sounder Set to Reveal Secrets of the Moon’s Inner Structure
News Publication Date: March 13, 2025
Web References: www.swri.org
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Image Credits: NASA
