In a groundbreaking study that has captured the attention of the film industry, researchers from the American University of Beirut, Lebanon, have unveiled significant gender biases in the review of films, particularly those featuring female-dominated casts. The analysis, conducted by Jad Doughman and Wael Khreich, was published in the open-access journal PLOS One, and represents a pivotal step in understanding how critics’ language may perpetuate inequality within a historically male-dominated industry.
The findings, which emerged from a thorough investigation of 17,165 film reviews, reveal that the language used by critics often reflects underlying biases that have far-reaching implications for the careers of female actors and filmmakers. Previous studies have largely concentrated on box office performance and rating systems, leaving a gap in the discourse surrounding the qualitative aspects of film reviews. By examining the words and sentiments used to describe films, this research bridges that gap, revealing a complex landscape of sexism that may hinder female talent in the industry.
The critical analysis utilized an advanced AI-driven gender bias detection system to differentiate between various forms of sexism present in the reviews. This methodological approach allowed the researchers to categorize criticisms into two main types: "benevolent" sexism, which may appear patronizing or idealizing, and "hostile" sexism, characterized by overt negativity and aggression. The systematic use of an AI model facilitated an objective assessment of gender bias, providing robust empirical evidence of the disparity in how male and female casts are portrayed in critics’ reviews.
On average, the results indicated that films with predominantly female casts were subjected to significantly harsher scrutiny. Notably, these films were associated with a staggering 149 percent increase in hostile sexism and a 44 percent uptick in benevolent sexism compared to their male-centric counterparts. The study identified that these biases were particularly pronounced in specific genres, with family movies generating the highest levels of benevolent sexism and romantic films exhibiting the most hostile reviews. Such findings not only highlight the disparities in how stories featuring women are received but also reflect a broader societal issue of gender perception.
The authors pointed out that the underrepresentation of women behind the scenes—where only 28 percent of lead actors, 9 percent of directors, and 14 percent of writers are female—compounds the issue. This skewed representation is reflected in the critics’ bias, suggesting that the male-centric narrative continues to dominate the film landscape, thereby affecting public perception and critical discourse. The results serve as a stark reminder of the challenges women face in gaining recognition and advancing their careers within such a biased environment.
Doughman and Khreich’s research also emphasizes the impact of negative reviews on the mental health and professional trajectories of female filmmakers. Previous literature has established a connection between hostile reviews and detrimental effects on actors’ earnings and opportunities. By shedding light on the language utilized in critiques, this study potentially offers a pathway for critics to reevaluate their approaches and promote a more equitable industry.
Critically, this research contributes to a broader discussion regarding the responsibility of film critics in fostering inclusive narratives. The authors advocate for a shift in the critical landscape that not only acknowledges the biases present but also actively works to mitigate them. By adopting a more nuanced and equitable approach to reviews, critics could champion female talent and encourage a richer diversity of stories in the cinematic sphere.
While the study focused on American cinema, future research could extend its scope beyond Western films and include perspectives from non-Western sources. Such an expansion would not only enhance the understanding of gender bias globally but also foster a more comprehensive dialogue about representation across various cultures. Additionally, addressing the limitations of gender identification based solely on names presents an opportunity for further exploration, as it overlooks non-binary and gender-diverse identities that enrich the conversation around gender in film.
As the film industry undergoes a critical reevaluation of its practices, Doughman and Khreich’s findings serve as a clarion call for change. Their research underscores the urgency of addressing gender biases in all forms, from the narratives being told to the way they are critiqued. By acknowledging these biases, the industry can begin to forge a path toward inclusivity and fairness, ultimately benefiting audiences and creators alike.
The researchers concluded that their study’s revelations highlight a problematic trend in film criticism that necessitates urgent attention. They argue that critics have a vital role in not just reflecting the industry but also in shaping it. A commitment to challenging entrenched biases within reviews can pave the way for a more just and prosperous future for female filmmakers and actors—an imperative that resonates now more than ever in our evolving cultural landscape.
In conclusion, the revelations presented by Doughman and Khreich remind us that how we discuss and critique cinema matters. The potential to influence public perception and reshape industry standards lies in the hands of critics, who must wield their power responsibly. With the film industry’s future at stake, a collective effort to eradicate biases and elevate diverse voices will be essential in achieving true equality on-screen and off.
Subject of Research: Gender bias in movie reviews
Article Title: Beyond the spotlight: Unveiling the gender bias curtain in movie reviews
News Publication Date: 29-Jan-2025
Web References: Link to article
References: Doughman J, Khreich W (2025). Beyond the spotlight: Unveiling the gender bias curtain in movie reviews. PLoS ONE 20(1): e0316093.
Image Credits: Credit: geralt, Pixabay, CC0
Keywords : Gender bias, movie reviews, female representation, sexism in film, PLOS One, critical analysis, AI in research, film industry, underrepresentation of women.
