In a groundbreaking study, researchers have illuminated the intricate relationship between behavioral factors and cancer outcomes through the lens of sex and gender differences. The umbrella review, conducted by Marozoff et al., dives deep into the complex interplay between various lifestyle elements and cancer risks, presenting a synthesis of numerous systematic reviews. This comprehensive exploration is not just a collation of past studies but an essential step toward understanding how sex and gender impact cancer, which could lead to tailored prevention strategies.
The research highlights a fundamental aspect that has often been overlooked in cancer epidemiology—the influence of behavioral factors such as smoking, diet, physical activity, and substance use on cancer risk varies significantly between men and women. It suggests that there are biological and societal differences contributing to these disparities, hinting at the complexity behind how gender may influence disease pathogenesis. As cancer continues to remain one of the leading causes of mortality globally, understanding these factors becomes paramount in public health and clinical practice.
Early findings suggest that certain behaviors like tobacco use may influence cancer risk differently across genders. For instance, while smoking is known to increase the risk of lung cancer in all genders, studies are revealing striking differences in the patterns of smoking initiation and cessation between men and women. Some researchers speculate that social influences, societal norms, and even estrogen levels may play roles in these differences, urging further research into targeted cessation programs for specific demographics.
Diet and nutrition are other critical areas where behavioral factors manifest in gender-differentiated risks. The study notes how traditional dietary patterns—ranging from high-fat diets to fiber intake—show varying impacts on cancer risks in males and females. For example, some studies indicate that high-fat diets may exacerbate the risk of breast cancer more significantly in women, while other dietary factors might be more relevant to prostate cancer risks in men. These disparities underscore the need for gender-specific dietary guidelines to optimize cancer prevention strategies.
Moreover, physical activity, often lauded for its myriad health benefits, has also emerged as a factor that bears gender-specific consequences. The review revealed that while exercise reduces cancer risks across the board, the mechanisms behind these benefits could differ between sexes. For instance, this indicates a need for tailored physical activity recommendations that take into account the different physiological responses of men and women to exercise regimens.
Mental health and its connection to cancer risk also surfaced during the analysis. With a growing body of evidence suggesting that stress, anxiety, and depression can impact cancer progression and recovery, the researchers speculated that hormonal and sociocultural differences might dictate how these mental health issues affect males and females differently. This insight suggests not just a need for psychological support relevant to sex and gender differences, but also for integrating mental health screening into cancer care protocols.
This umbrella review is significant not only for its findings but also for its methodology. The use of quantitative synthesis allows for a clearer, more robust examination of the vast literature addressing these associations. It highlights how systematic reviews can serve as valuable foundations for future research, revealing gaps in current knowledge and where targeted studies are necessary for advancing the field.
One of the most urgent calls to action from the review is the push for more inclusive research practices. Historically, much of the research in oncology has been male-centric, leading to a biased understanding of how diseases affect different populations. Marozoff et al. advocate for increased representation of women in clinical trials and studies, reinforcing the idea that a one-size-fits-all approach to cancer treatment is outdated and potentially harmful.
The umbrella review echoes the sentiment that cancer is not a uniform disease but rather manifests differently across demographics. This acknowledgment is vital for crafting effective public health interventions and educational campaigns aimed at cancer prevention. For instance, understanding the lifestyle choices that lead to increased risks can aid health organizations in curating community-specific programs that resonate more profoundly with various genders.
The authors also emphasize the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration in future research to unravel the complex web of behavioral, biological, and societal factors influencing cancer risk. By fostering partnerships between oncologists, behavioral scientists, and social researchers, the medical community can develop a more comprehensive understanding of cancer and devise more effective intervention strategies.
As the review lays the groundwork for future studies, it also advocates for ongoing education and awareness around these issues. There exists an essential need for informed conversations about sex and gender differences in cancer, particularly for healthcare providers who play critical roles in patient education and care. Awareness can empower patients to make better lifestyle choices and engage in preventive measures specific to their gender-related risks.
In conclusion, Marozoff et al.’s umbrella review represents a significant advance in our understanding of how behavioral factors influence cancer risks differently for men and women. This work marks a crucial shift towards a more inclusive and nuanced approach to cancer research and treatment, one that acknowledges the need for gender-tailored strategies in prevention, diagnosis, and care. As the field of oncology continues to evolve, embracing these differences could ultimately lead to better outcomes for all individuals affected by cancer.
Subject of Research: Gender differences in behavioral factors associated with cancer risks.
Article Title: Sex/gender differences in the association between behavioural factors and cancers: an umbrella review of systematic reviews with quantitative synthesis.
Article References:
Marozoff, S., Li, Y., Mithani, N. et al. Sex/gender differences in the association between behavioural factors and cancers: an umbrella review of systematic reviews with quantitative synthesis.
Biol Sex Differ (2025). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13293-025-00793-6
Image Credits: AI Generated
DOI: 10.1186/s13293-025-00793-6
Keywords: cancer, sex differences, gender differences, behavioral risk factors, prevention, health disparities.
