New research emerging from a collaborative effort between City St George’s, University of London and The Open University is shedding light on an aspect of adolescent development that has historically been underexplored—the unique strengths of LGBTQ+ youth. While much prior research has predominantly concentrated on the challenges and disparities faced by sexual and gender minoritized adolescents, this groundbreaking study pivots towards a strengths-based perspective. It highlights the robust psychological and social assets that these young people exhibit, challenging prevailing deficit-focused narratives.
Published in the esteemed Journal of Adolescent Health, this investigation leverages data from the Millennium Cohort Study, a nationally representative longitudinal survey following the lives of over 7,000 seventeen-year-olds across the United Kingdom. The research employs the 5Cs model of positive youth development, which encompasses competence, confidence, connection, character, and caring. This theoretical framework is crucial for dissecting the multifaceted ways in which young people grow, thrive, and develop socio-emotional competencies essential for adult life.
One of the distinctive features of this study is its nuanced classification of young people according to gender identity and sexual orientation. The cohort included cisgender heterosexual males (41%), cisgender heterosexual females (33%), cisgender sexual minority females (17%), cisgender sexual minority males (8%), and gender-minoritized adolescents—including transgender youth—making up 1% of the sample. This granularity permits a detailed comparison across groups, providing insights that extend beyond monolithic understandings of LGBT youth.
A striking revelation of the research is the heightened levels of social connectedness and caring found among LGBT adolescents relative to their cisgender heterosexual male counterparts. This suggests that despite facing systemic adversities, sexual and gender minoritized youth develop strong interpersonal bonds and empathy, which serve as protective factors in their developmental trajectories. Such findings resonate with resilience theory and underscore the importance of social networks and community in mental health outcomes.
Moreover, the dimension of academic competence offers another compelling angle. Sexual minoritized adolescents, including lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth, were reported to demonstrate superior academic selves in comparison to cisgender heterosexual males. This challenges entrenched stereotypes and calls into question assumptions linking minority stress solely to negative educational outcomes. Instead, it opens a discourse on how adversity may also foster adaptive skills and perseverance.
Gender-minoritized adolescents, notably those identifying as transgender or non-binary, were more likely to characterize themselves as creative and community-minded individuals. Creativity, often linked with divergent thinking and problem-solving, may represent an adaptive response to complex identity negotiations. The orientation toward community also reveals a sociopolitical consciousness, reflecting an engaged stance in broader social issues and a collective identity formation vital for social change.
Dr. Mat Lucassen, a Reader in Mental Health at City St George’s, University of London and co-lead on the paper, emphasizes the shift in framing LGBT youth not as populations plagued by deficits but as ones exhibiting distinct and valuable strengths. Lucassen critiques the persistent deficit-focused paradigm in youth research, cautioning that overemphasis on vulnerabilities can inadvertently perpetuate internalized stigma among these adolescents—a phenomenon with profound psycho-social repercussions.
To deepen our understanding, it is essential to recognize that the 5Cs model of positive youth development leveraged in this study aligns with established developmental psychology theories that advocate for holistic views of adolescence. This model elucidates how competence in various domains—not just academic but also social and emotional—coupled with confidence and character, lays the foundation for healthy transition into adulthood. The inclusion of caring and connection further recognizes the interpersonal and empathic dimensions central to thriving.
The implications of these findings are immense for educators, policymakers, and mental health practitioners. They advocate for moving beyond a lens fixated on risk toward one that illuminates capabilities and resilience. This strengths-based perspective encourages targeted interventions that bolster existing positive attributes, fostering environments where sexual and gender minoritized young people can flourish authentically, free from stigmatizing narratives.
In the context of Pride Month celebrations, this study serves as an empirical complement to ongoing social affirmations, documenting that LGBT adolescents contribute richly to the social fabric through their interpersonal skills, academic strengths, creativity, and community orientation. It highlights the importance of visibility and representation, reinforcing positive identities that can buffer against minority stress and exclusion.
Critically, the researchers note that acknowledging challenges faced by minoritized groups remains necessary to galvanize societal change and reduce systemic barriers. However, they stress that balance is required to avoid pathologizing identities and experiences. This dual approach, encompassing recognition of difficulties alongside an appreciation of strengths, offers a more nuanced understanding of adolescent development within these populations.
Methodologically, the study’s reliance on a large, nationally representative dataset bolsters the generalizability of its conclusions within the UK context. The use of sophisticated data/statistical analysis techniques enhances the validity of findings and paves the way for further longitudinal research into how these developmental strengths manifest over time. This evidence base can inform policies aimed at supporting youth diversity in educational and community settings.
This reframing of LGBT youth underscores a broader shift within psychological science and social policy towards affirming diversity and promoting mental health through the identification and cultivation of positive psychological traits. The intersectionality of gender and sexuality, as operationalized in this research, reminds us that adolescent development is heterogeneous and that supportive social milieus can amplify latent strengths rather than merely mitigate harms.
As we continue to explore the psychosocial landscapes inhabited by sexual- and gender-minoritized adolescents, this research acts as a critical step in dismantling stigma and promoting empowerment. Future research directions include exploring how these strengths interact with external factors such as family acceptance, school climate, and community resources, thus informing holistic approaches to youth development.
In sum, this study contributes a vital and uplifting perspective to adolescent developmental research, illustrating that sexual- and gender-minoritized youths are not merely survivors of adversity but agents of resilience, creativity, and social connection. It invites us all — researchers, practitioners, and society — to recalibrate our understanding and support for these vibrant communities.
Subject of Research: People
Article Title: The Strengths of Sexual- and Gender-Minoritized Adolescents: Results From the Millennium Cohort Study
News Publication Date: 28-Jun-2025
Web References: Journal of Adolescent Health article
References:
Lucassen, M.F.G., et al. (2025). The Strengths of Sexual- and Gender-Minoritized Adolescents: Results From the Millennium Cohort Study. Journal of Adolescent Health. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2025.05.009
Keywords: Psychological science; Gender; Personality traits; Personality psychology; Human social behavior; Interpersonal skills; Social attitudes; Social interaction; Self perception
