TAMPA, Fla. (Sept. 30, 2025) — In a groundbreaking phase 1B clinical trial, researchers at Moffitt Cancer Center have unveiled promising results using a novel combination of immunotherapy and whole brain radiotherapy to treat leptomeningeal disease (LMD), a notoriously devastating complication arising from advanced cancers. The immunotherapy agent avelumab, when administered in conjunction with whole brain radiotherapy, demonstrated both safety and potential clinical efficacy, challenging the long-standing perception that LMD is almost uniformly fatal within weeks of diagnosis.
Leptomeningeal disease is characterized by the infiltration of malignant cells into the meninges—the thin membranes enveloping the brain and spinal cord. This infiltration disrupts normal neurological function and has historically been associated with dismal prognoses, as there are limited effective treatment strategies and few prospective clinical trials addressing this niche yet critically important patient population. Conventional therapies have yielded minimal impact on survival, necessitating innovative approaches to tackle the rapid progression and immense clinical burden of LMD.
The Moffitt study enrolled 15 patients with leptomeningeal disease originating from diverse primary solid tumors such as breast, lung, ovarian, and pancreatic cancers. Each participant underwent a treatment regimen involving avelumab administered before, during, and after whole brain radiotherapy. Avelumab, a programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitor, is designed to reinvigorate the immune system’s ability to recognize and eradicate tumor cells by preventing cancer’s immune evasion tactics. Coupled with radiotherapy, which induces tumor cell death and potentially enhances immune visibility of the cancer, this combination explores synergistic mechanisms to drive antitumor immunity within the central nervous system.
Survival outcomes were notably improved compared to historical data, with 67% of patients surviving a minimum of three months post-treatment, and several exceeding one year of survival. This marks a significant shift from previous expectations, where median survival after LMD diagnosis frequently spans only several weeks. These findings underscore the potential of this combinatorial immunotherapeutic strategy to meaningfully extend life expectancy and improve quality of life in a group of patients who have long faced grim prognoses.
Importantly, the safety profile of the combined treatment was manageable, with adverse effects being generally mild to moderate and no fatalities attributed to the therapy. This is crucial in the context of central nervous system involvement, where therapeutic interventions must balance efficacy with the risk of neurotoxicity and other serious complications. The tolerability observed in this trial supports the feasibility of escalating this treatment approach to larger patient cohorts in subsequent trials.
Beyond clinical outcomes, the researchers conducted in-depth molecular analyses of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples collected before and after treatment. These investigations revealed a pronounced immune activation characterized by a reduction of regulatory T cells—a subset that typically suppresses immune response and facilitates tumor immune escape. Moreover, alterations were detected in immune checkpoint activity within CD8+ cytotoxic T cells and macrophages, indicating enhanced immune surveillance and effector function following treatment. These immune modulations provide a mechanistic underpinning for the observed clinical benefits and offer potential biomarkers for treatment response.
Dr. Yolanda Piña, the lead investigator and neuro-oncologist at Moffitt, emphasized the significance of these translational findings, stating that the data not only demonstrate safety and preliminary efficacy but also illuminate how immunotherapy and radiation may synergistically reshape the immune landscape within the central nervous system. This understanding paves the way for rational design of future trials and therapeutic combinations that could further improve outcomes for patients battling leptomeningeal disease.
Senior author Dr. Peter Forsyth, chair of Moffitt’s Neuro-Oncology Department, highlighted the importance of targeting newly identified immune checkpoints such as LAG3, which may contribute to resistance mechanisms. By uncovering these pathways through CSF analysis, the study provides a roadmap for next-generation immunotherapies that could overcome compensatory immune suppression and potentiate durable tumor control.
While the study’s modest sample size and phase 1B design primarily focused on assessing safety, the encouraging survival data and detailed immune profiling collectively justify advancing to a phase 2 clinical trial. Such a trial would enable more robust evaluation of efficacy endpoints, while continuing to elucidate the complex interplay between radiotherapy, immunotherapy, and the neuroimmune microenvironment.
This research represents a milestone in neuro-oncology, expanding the therapeutic armamentarium for leptomeningeal disease—a condition desperately lacking effective treatment options. By harnessing the power of the immune system in tandem with radiation, Moffitt investigators have opened a promising new frontier that may ultimately transform the clinical management of this aggressive complication across multiple solid tumor types.
The study was supported by Pfizer and conducted under a collaborative alliance between the health care business of Merck KGaA and Pfizer. Additional funding was provided by the National Cancer Institute and the Florida Department of Health Bankhead-Coley Program. These partnerships underscore the critical role of multidisciplinary cooperation in advancing cancer therapeutics from bench to bedside.
Moffitt Cancer Center, located in Tampa, Florida, is one of only 57 National Cancer Institute-designated Comprehensive Cancer Centers in the United States. This prestigious designation recognizes Moffitt’s commitment to scientific excellence, multidisciplinary research, and patient-centered care. The center’s dedication to innovation continues to drive forward progress in cancer prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.
In summary, this pioneering trial not only signals a new hope for patients with leptomeningeal disease but also exemplifies how integrating immunotherapy with traditional modalities such as radiotherapy can overcome previously insurmountable barriers imposed by the immune-privileged environment of the central nervous system. The implications extend beyond LMD, potentially impacting therapeutic strategies in diverse neuro-oncological diseases.
Subject of Research: People
Article Title: Phase IB Study of Avelumab and Whole Brain Radiotherapy (WBRT) in Patients with Leptomeningeal Disease (LMD) from Solid Tumors: Results and Molecular Analyses
News Publication Date: Sept. 30, 2025
Web References:
– https://www.moffitt.org/cancers/brain-tumor/leptomeningeal-disease/
– https://academic.oup.com/neuro-oncology/advance-article/doi/10.1093/neuonc/noaf183/8245008
– http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noaf183
References:
– Neuro-Oncology Journal, 28-Aug-2025, DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noaf183
Keywords: Immunotherapy, Leptomeningeal Disease, Avelumab, Whole Brain Radiotherapy, Neuro-Oncology, Clinical Trial, Immune Checkpoints, CSF Immune Profiling, PD-L1 Inhibitor, Translational Oncology
