In an era where divisions between social, religious, and political groups frequently shape global and local conflicts, understanding the psychological mechanisms that foster cooperation across these divides is more critical than ever. A groundbreaking new study by Klein, Bastian, Odjidja, and colleagues reveals that identity fusion—a deep, visceral sense of oneness with a group—may not only strengthen bonds within groups but can also pave the way for intergroup trust and collaborative behavior when the outgroup is regarded positively. Their research, published in Communications Psychology in 2025, challenges prevailing assumptions about identity-based group dynamics and sheds light on how fused identities might serve as a secure foundation for bridging intergroup chasms.
The concept of identity fusion contrasts with more detached forms of group identification. While traditional social identity theory describes group identification as an alignment with a group’s values and norms, identity fusion involves a tighter overlap between the personal self and the group self. This study tests the “fusion-secure base hypothesis,” a theory suggesting that identity fusion acts like a psychological secure base, similar to attachment theory in interpersonal relationships, which can either bolster intergroup hostility or foster cooperation depending on how the outgroup is perceived. When outgroups are viewed favorably, fused individuals may feel secure enough to extend trust beyond group boundaries and engage in cooperative acts.
To explore this dynamic, the researchers conducted two empirically robust studies incorporating diverse intergroup dyads spanning religious affiliations, regional identities, and political party memberships. The first study was uniquely rooted in an ecologically valid environment—the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM), a region historically riddled with conflict including a devastating jihadist insurrection as recent as 2017. This setting provided a natural laboratory for observing the real-world implications of identity fusion against a backdrop of deep intergroup tension and historical trauma.
Within this volatile social ecosystem, Study 1 found compelling evidence that identity fusion positively predicted an openness to intergroup cooperation and trust, but crucially, only when the outgroup was perceived in a positive or at least non-threatening light. Participants who fused strongly with their ingroups demonstrated a readiness to trust members of outgroups that were seen less as adversaries and more as potential collaborators. Significantly, this effect was consistent across multiple types of group relationships, from religious to political, underscoring the generalizability of the fusion-secure base hypothesis.
The investigation did not stop there. Study 2 expanded the scope to include cross-cultural samples and introduced additional moderators such as historical threats and the perceived nature of cooperation itself. Here, the nuanced findings revealed that fusion’s positive effects on intergroup trust and willingness to cooperate were contingent not only on positive outgroup perceptions but also on the perception of cooperation as non-zero-sum—meaning that parties saw mutually beneficial outcomes rather than seeing gains by one group as losses by another. Distinctly, historic perceptions of outgroup mistreatment of the ingroup also played a critical moderating role, particularly because these historical elements seem to be more socially acceptable for participants to acknowledge and reflect upon than current explicit threat perceptions.
One particularly intriguing facet of the study was the nuanced difference in moderation effects between identity fusion and traditional group identification. While fusion interacted significantly with positively framed contextual variables—such as warmth toward the outgroup or the constructive framing of cooperation—identification tended to be more reactive to negatively framed moderators, like perceived threat or hostility. This dichotomy hints at fundamentally different motivational systems at play: fusion appears to drive an approach orientation that seeks connection under the right circumstances, whereas identification may trigger avoidance in the face of threats.
Despite these promising findings, the researchers acknowledged certain methodological limitations and complexities. For example, the measures used to capture explicit outgroup threat may have been too blunt, skewing responses toward non-threatening perceptions due in part to social desirability biases exacerbated by the sensitive political context and the face-to-face nature of data collection. The authors also emphasized the correlational nature of their data, which restricts causal conclusions but remains valuable for ecological validity and cross-cultural generalization. Furthermore, the moderate correlations between variables such as trust, willingness to cooperate, and outgroup perceptions suggest overlapping but distinct psychological constructs, warranting more precise experimental teasing apart in future research.
The implications of these findings ripple far beyond academic discourse. In a world where “defusion” efforts—attempts to reverse identity fusion often seen in interventions targeting violent extremism—are sometimes favored, these results caution against simplistic applications. Removing someone’s secure base identity could undermine positive intergroup relations if the social norms of the fused group are peaceful rather than violent. For groups with explicitly hostile goals, defusion may indeed reduce extremism, but for others like religious or civic groups, reshaping perceptions of outgroups might be more efficacious. Interventions such as the Twinning Project, which leverages identity fusion with nonviolent, prosocial groups to foster rehabilitation and reduce recidivism, exemplify this promising direction.
This study also points to the necessity of future experimental research to dissect how different facets of outgroup perception—such as warmth, threat, historical grievances, and cooperation benefits—individually and interactively influence the fusion-secure base effect. Further exploration into “fusion clusters,” or overlapping fused identities across multiple groups, could illuminate how complex intergroup motivations are constructed and how these clusters amplify or mitigate cooperative tendencies.
Intriguingly, the idea that identity fusion acts as a psychological secure base borrows from attachment theory, framing group bonds in terms reminiscent of individual interpersonal security. Just as a secure base in attachment theory enables individuals to venture into the world bravely yet return safely to a source of support, fused group identities may embolden members to reach across divides, extending cooperative gestures under favorable social conditions.
Conversations about identity often highlight the dark side: how group attachments fuel conflict, exclusion, and violence. This research injects a vital counter-narrative by demonstrating that strong group bonds need not be synonymous with antagonism. When outgroups are seen not as existential threats but as potential partners, fused individuals embody the very hope for reconciliation and collaborative futures that many presume impossible.
As the researchers thoughtfully note, the complex interplay between cooperative benefits and threat perceptions suggests that social context—and perhaps even momentary incentives—can tip the balance between intergroup hostility and harmony. History is replete with former enemies joining forces when confronting common challenges, underscoring that identity fusion’s role may be flexible and context-dependent rather than deterministically conflictual.
Collectively, these insights mark an important step toward reconciling the paradox of identity fusion: how the same deep group attachment that can unleash fierce group loyalty under threat can also empower bridge-building, trust, and cooperation when social environments afford it. By reevaluating fusion not simply as a precursor to violence but as a potentially transformative force for peace, this research invites a more nuanced understanding of human social bonds and offers promising pathways for real-world conflict resolution.
As societal polarization escalates across many domains, from politics to ethnicity to religion, researchers, policymakers, and practitioners seeking durable peace and intergroup collaboration would do well to consider the profound psychological architecture underlying identity fusion. The findings from Klein and colleagues champion the idea that reinforcing secure bases within group identities—while simultaneously reshaping perceptions of outgroups and framing cooperation as mutually beneficial—might be the pathway to a more trusting and cooperative future.
In the end, the fusion-secure base hypothesis captures an elegant psychological truth: identity is not merely a source of division and conflict, but also a foundational wellspring of security and potential connection. When fused group members feel safe in their identities, they may well become the architects of intergroup bridges rather than the architects of walls, opening new horizons for cooperation in a world deeply yearning for peace.
Subject of Research: Identity fusion and its role in fostering intergroup trust and willingness to cooperate in complex social ecosystems.
Article Title: Identity fusion can foster intergroup trust and willingness to cooperate.
Article References:
Klein, J.W., Bastian, B., Odjidja, E.N. et al. Identity fusion can foster intergroup trust and willingness to cooperate. Commun Psychol 3, 124 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s44271-025-00303-9
