An international consortium of geneticists and clinicians has uncovered a significant genetic contributor to the development of long COVID, the often debilitating condition characterized by persistent symptoms following acute SARS-CoV-2 infection. This breakthrough study, recently published in Nature Genetics, highlights a particular genetic variant situated near the FOXP4 gene, which plays a pivotal role in lung development and respiratory health. The findings, spearheaded by teams at Karolinska Institutet in Sweden and the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), reveal novel insights into the pathophysiology underlying prolonged COVID-19 symptomatology.
Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, the medical community has grappled with the enigma of long COVID. Despite growing epidemiological evidence pointing to its prevalence, the biological mechanisms driving this syndrome remain elusive. Long COVID manifests as a constellation of symptoms including debilitating fatigue, cognitive impairment—often described as “brain fog”—and chronic dyspnea, significantly impairing patients’ quality of life. The new genetic analysis offers a fresh perspective by implicating host genomic factors that may predispose individuals to sustained illness beyond initial viral clearance.
The comprehensive genome-wide association study (GWAS) entailed the meta-analysis of genetic data from a cohort of 6,450 individuals classified as long COVID cases, juxtaposed against over one million control subjects without lingering symptoms. These subjects originated from 24 distinct studies spanning 16 countries, underscoring the global and collaborative nature of this research effort through the Long COVID Host Genetics Initiative. Crucially, the implicated variant exhibited an approximate 60% increase in the risk for developing long COVID, a statistic robustly corroborated by a replication cohort comprising an additional 9,500 affected individuals.
At the heart of this genetic association lies the proximity of the identified variant to the FOXP4 gene locus. FOXP4 encodes a transcription factor integral to lung morphogenesis and homeostatic lung function, as well as immune responses within the respiratory epithelium. Previous studies have linked FOXP4 to various pulmonary conditions, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer susceptibility. The present finding suggests that genetic disruptions impacting this gene’s regulation may predispose individuals to prolonged respiratory dysfunction subsequent to SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Hugo Zeberg, senior lecturer at Karolinska Institutet and principal investigator, articulated the broader implications of these findings. According to Zeberg, impaired lung function, potentially driven by FOXP4-mediated pathways, constitutes a critical axis in the pathogenesis of long COVID. However, he emphasized the complexity of the condition, acknowledging that the FOXP4-adjacent variant represents a piece of a multifaceted biological puzzle that likely involves immune dysregulation, viral persistence, and other yet-to-be-elucidated molecular mechanisms.
Genetic association studies like this one leverage the power of large datasets to uncover subtle genomic influences that might elude more traditional experimental approaches. Hanna Ollila, group leader at FIMM and co-lead on the project, noted that these insights are invaluable, especially for conditions such as long COVID where pathophysiological processes remain poorly defined. The research thus paves the way for targeted investigation into the molecular underpinnings of post-viral syndromes and could eventually inform precision medicine approaches and risk stratification.
The employment of GWAS methodologies in this study also underscores the utility of integrating diverse, multiethnic cohorts to enhance the generalizability of findings. The inclusion of over a million control participants, drawn from numerous population biobanks and health registries, enabled high statistical power and reduced the likelihood of false-positive associations. Moreover, the replication in an independent validation cohort strengthens the credibility of the identified gene variant as a bona fide risk factor for long COVID susceptibility.
Functionally, the FOXP4 gene operates as a transcriptional regulator influencing genes involved in cellular differentiation and immune modulation within the lung. Variations in FOXP4 expression or activity may alter lung tissue repair dynamics following viral injury, potentially prolonging inflammatory processes and contributing to chronic respiratory symptoms. This links genetic predisposition directly to phenotypic outcomes observed in long COVID patients, offering a plausible biological mechanism bridging genotype and clinical presentation.
While these findings mark a significant advance, the researchers caution that long COVID is a heterogeneous syndrome influenced by an interplay of genetic, environmental, and viral factors. Additional studies exploring other genomic loci, epigenetic modifications, immunological profiles, and longitudinal clinical data will be necessary to unravel the complete etiological architecture of this condition. The consortium continues to aggregate data and refine analytic techniques to uncover further genomic insights.
From a clinical perspective, the elucidation of genetic risk factors opens avenues for improved patient stratification and potentially guides therapeutic development. Understanding the role of lung function–related genes may also influence rehabilitation strategies and monitoring protocols for individuals at heightened risk for enduring symptoms. As precision medicine initiatives advance, integrating genomic data could ultimately support personalized interventions in post-COVID care.
This study exemplifies how international scientific cooperation and the harnessing of big data can accelerate our understanding of emerging health challenges. With COVID-19 continuing to impact global health systems, research endeavors like this bring hope for mitigating the long-term burden of the pandemic through mechanistic insights and targeted solutions.
Subject of Research: People
Article Title: Genome-wide association study of long COVID
News Publication Date: 21-May-2025
Web References: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41588-025-02100-w
References: Lammi V et al., “Genome-wide association study of long COVID,” Nature Genetics, 2025. DOI: 10.1038/s41588-025-02100-w
Keywords: Long COVID, SARS-CoV-2, FOXP4, genetics, respiratory disorders, viral infections, post-COVID syndrome, genome-wide association study (GWAS), lung function, pulmonary disease, host genetics
