Cats have long captivated the human imagination with their independence, elegance, and occasionally mysterious behaviors. Yet beyond the allure of their charismatic appeal, a deeper question emerges: how and why are these intriguing companions fed the way they are? Recent research provides a comprehensive look into owner-reported practices on feline feeding, offering a window into the diverse reasons and motivations that shape how people choose to nourish their cats. In an era where dietary trends are shifting swiftly not just in human communities, but also in pet husbandry, the insights from a 2019 online questionnaire reveal a tapestry of owner preferences, beliefs, and adherence to tradition—or rejection of it—in a rapidly changing nutritional landscape.
The global interest in cats, from the ordinary domestic tabby to majestic purebreds, means that owners are constantly seeking the “best” approach to feeding. In many parts of the world, grocery stores devote entire aisles to cat food—tins, pouches, kibble, freeze-dried or raw, specialized or budget-friendly. Across social media, owners swap homemade recipes, photograph puzzle feeders, and debate the relative merits of free-feeding versus strict portion control. All these reflect a common goal: ensuring a cat’s well-being. This desire for feline health, however, intersects with modern marketing claims, shifting scientific knowledge, changing beliefs about what is “natural,” and personal convenience or budget constraints.
In this extensive look at how and why owners feed their cats as they do, the study in question drew upon an online survey completed by 1172 cat owners from 27 countries, with the greatest participation from the UK, other European Union nations, Australia, the USA, and Canada. The project’s impetus was to uncover the broad patterns in feeding methods, the perceived motivations behind them, and the potential welfare implications for cats, especially when multiple cats live together and share resources. Since many cats dwell in multi-cat households, conflicts or stress over scarce feeding or watering stations can arise. Although cats show remarkable adaptability, decades of research underscore that these animals, still biologically resembling their wildcat ancestors, typically excel in a solitary environment or in carefully structured social groups. In a home with two, three, or even six cats sharing just one or two bowls of food or water, tension can simmer under the surface. Whether owners are fully aware of these dynamics or consider them immaterial is part of the broad puzzle of cat nutrition.
The impetus for scrutinizing cat feeding practices relates, in large part, to the heightened recognition of how crucial nutrition is to a cat’s overall well-being. Over the last decade, growing evidence suggests that careful, science-based diets can influence outcomes for many feline diseases—diabetes mellitus, kidney disease, obesity, gastrointestinal ailments, and beyond. Meanwhile, obesity remains a massive threat in companion animals, paralleling the epidemic in humans, fueled by the ubiquity of calorie-rich foods and the ease with which we overserve. Indeed, obesity in cats leads to a heightened risk for diabetes, osteoarthritis, and a shortened lifespan. Under the guidance of organizations like the World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA), veterinarians are urged to integrate nutritional assessments into every checkup. Yet, in practice, bridging the gap between recommended protocols and daily routines can prove challenging.
According to the responses collected, the average respondent household owned two cats. Multi-cat ownership was more the norm than single-cat households among those who participated. This finding alone can shape feeding habits profoundly. Consider a single cat, leisurely nibbling kibble at will throughout the day, versus multiple cats jockeying for position around a single bowl. When the researchers asked about the logistics of how many bowls were offered, 16.9% of respondents offered fewer food bowls than the number of cats in the home, whereas 23.9% offered fewer water bowls than the number of cats. These figures suggest that a significant fraction of multi-cat households may be inadvertently encouraging resource-based competition or stress. One fundamental welfare guideline states that each cat ideally should have its own separate food and water station, plus an extra station, to allow for space and conflict avoidance. So, if a household has two cats, it’s best to have three feeding stations to ensure minimal friction. However, many owners might be relying on long-held personal habits or space constraints, not necessarily suspecting the possible stress they could be inflicting on a more timid cat that might suffer quietly.
Feeding patterns are often shaped, in part, by how we humans approach our own meals. Over the years, the cat food market has exploded with variety, from commercial wet packets to dry kibble, from freeze-dried raw to specialized therapeutic diets for specific conditions. In the 2019 survey, the largest single category was a mix of commercial wet and dry kibble. This is unsurprising given the prevalence of these products and their ease: wet foods generally provide more moisture, which can be beneficial for urinary tract health, while dry kibble is often considered convenient to store and measure, though it carries the potential pitfall of enabling “grazing,” a style that can tip cats into obesity if not carefully monitored. Interestingly, 26.6% of respondents indicated that they used a therapeutic diet, a striking leap from a previous 2013 Vet Professionals survey where fewer than 1% reported doing so. This shift might indicate growing acceptance of specialized diets for conditions like kidney disease, urinary issues, or weight management, or it might reflect an increased awareness of how diet can mitigate clinical signs of disease.
Another noteworthy trend is that 15.6% of respondents feed some raw meat as part or all of the cat’s diet. This is a substantial rise compared to a reported 3.7% in a similar prior survey. The surging popularity of raw feeding—both homemade and store-bought—underlines an owner desire for what they perceive as more “natural” diets, believing that felines in the wild subsist on uncooked prey. A faction of owners within the survey indicated that they believed their cats displayed glossier coats, better oral health, or improved stool quality after switching to raw feeding. Critics of raw diets, including many veterinarians, caution about microbial hazards (particularly Salmonella, Listeria, E. coli) and the challenges of achieving a nutritionally complete recipe for an obligate carnivore. Indeed, references exist to show that partial or wholly raw diets can, if prepared or stored improperly, pose a risk to both feline and human household members. Nevertheless, the appetite for feeding raw continues to climb, suggesting that owners often interpret an anecdotal improvement in their cats’ well-being as justification for ignoring professional caution. That said, the science is not definitive in establishing whether RMBD leads to significant health advantages or if perceived benefits are coincident with other changes in the cat’s environment.
Cost might appear a major factor in feeding decisions, yet for the participants in this survey, cost was mentioned as the primary motivator for only 4.1% of owners. Veterinary guidance ranked at the bottom, at 2.7%. One might interpret this to mean that veterinarians still have work to do in gaining the trust and influence regarding nutrition. Alternatively, owners might conflate “veterinary advice” with “health/nutritional benefits,” or they might be referencing an established knowledge from prior consultations. It’s also possible that owners pick and choose which advice they find aligns best with their personal philosophy. The phenomenon of pet owners seeking information from a wide variety of sources—social media groups, online forums, anecdotal advice from friends—mirrors the shift in human health, where individuals consult Dr. Google or online communities as frequently, if not more, than they consult medical professionals.
Another intriguing facet is that 98.2% of owners in this study offered treats. Although offering treats to pets can create bonding moments, it also can be a hidden contributor to feline weight gain, especially if these treats are extra high in fat or carbohydrate content or are unbalanced nutritionally. Pockets of owners, about 29.1%, used puzzle feeders or “food-based enrichment,” ensuring that their cat must engage in a mental or physical challenge to get the morsels, presumably mimicking how, in the wild, a cat would be physically and mentally stimulated by hunting. Another 21.2% took the approach of hiding food around the house, turning mealtime into a sort of scavenger activity. Both these methods attempt to replicate cats’ natural seeking behaviors, prevent boredom, and mitigate overeating by extending the time cats spend eating. Such engagement underscores an understanding that mental stimulation can be as important as nutrients themselves for feline welfare.
Regarding hydration, 99.4% of households offered at least one water bowl indoors, with 39.3% providing more than one bowl per cat. Some owners also offered raised bowls, primarily for reasons of cat comfort (especially older cats with possible joint pains) or logistical convenience. Others did so to keep dogs or young children away from the cat’s supplies. The notion that cats might prefer elevated bowls might indeed be relevant for arthritic cats who find it difficult to squat, or for brachycephalic breeds that need a certain angle to eat or drink comfortably.
Therapeutic diets, as previously alluded to, are an important market segment, particularly given the rising average age of pet cats and the attendant diseases. CKD, which is especially prevalent in older cats, was the most commonly reported reason for prescribing a therapeutic diet. Similarly, diets formulated for feline stress cystitis, an umbrella term for interstitial or idiopathic cystitis, followed closely in popularity. Weight control diets have garnered increased attention as well, though interestingly, a smaller fraction of owners used them, which might reflect owners being less likely to define their cats as overweight, or they might prefer alternative management strategies.
Another thread in the findings concerns how owners learn about feline nutrition. Many do rely on veterinarians or veterinary nurses. Yet a considerable portion obtains information from online communities, possibly indicating a suspicion or dissatisfaction with “official” advice, or simply ease of access to lay-friendly platforms. This underscores the complexity: while veterinarians can be pivotal in guiding diets, a large fraction of owners do not feel the need to consult them systematically. Possibly, owners trust peer experiences more than professional expertise, or they already have strong opinions on what is best for their cat based on personal observations.
We might note that 46.8% of owners always read the label’s contents for commercial diets, which suggests a consumer savvy reminiscent of people scanning nutritional facts for their own groceries. This could point to a rising interest in precise knowledge of what cats are eating, though it remains uncertain whether owners fully understand the complexities of nutritional statements or if they primarily look for buzzwords like “grain-free,” “protein-rich,” or “no artificial ingredients.” About 36.9% only sometimes read labels, which might imply that once they find a brand they like, they remain loyal and do not revisit the specifics of the ingredient list.
The possible difference in data between the present 2019-based survey and the 2013 one might also hinge on the passage of time: the “grain-free” trend, the raw trend, even the wave of specialized “vet diets” presumably intensifying over the intervening years. Pet cats might be direct beneficiaries of increased knowledge about their life stage-specific nutritional needs, or possibly might be subject to more frequent changes as owners hop on the next widely promoted diet trend.
Because all participants in this study were self-selecting, we cannot claim it is a perfect representation of the general cat-owning population. Perhaps those uninterested in exploring new cat feeding methods or uninterested in discussing cat care with a research project wouldn’t respond. Or perhaps these results reflect a typical population but with an under-sampling of individuals who prefer simpler or cheaper approaches to cat feeding. Although the method used was well established, and the authors emphasize confidentiality, there remains a possibility that owners might give answers framed toward what they think is correct—particularly relevant in questions about veterinarian advice or numbers of bowls for each cat. Owners might suspect that “multiple bowls per cat” is the recommended approach. Even so, the consistent self-report of many suboptimal practices underscores that many owners did not camouflage potentially “problematic” or “less recommended” feeding setups.
In conclusion, the study reveals that among the 1172 respondents, the modern cat is often offered a more varied and specialized array of food than in years past. Veterinary therapeutic diets soared from negligible levels in 2013 to a significant minority in 2019. Raw feeding, once on the periphery, is now a fixture for 15.6% of the sample. The top impetus for feeding decisions is the belief that the chosen diet confers specific or generalized health benefits, overshadowing cost, convenience, or even the direct advice of a veterinarian. Indeed, the discrepancy between how few owners place “vet advice” front and center and how many do sometimes consult vets indicates an opportunity: veterinary professionals can re-evaluate communication strategies, focusing on establishing trust and clarity to ensure owners remain receptive to scientifically grounded guidance. Meanwhile, owners’ sense of what constitutes “natural” or “species-appropriate” appears to hold considerable sway—this extends from the inclusion of fresh meats or raw bones to the eschewing of grains. On the other hand, a large group of owners maintain long-standing traditions of mixing wet and dry commercial foods, presumably having found a stable routine that suits both cats and human caretakers.
There remains significant scope for enhanced cat welfare interventions regarding resource distribution, especially in multi-cat households. The data show that a substantial fraction of owners provide fewer feeding or watering stations than the number of cats, and many do not harness puzzle feeders or other forms of feeding enrichment. Whether spurred by improved convenience or by altruistic cat-centered motives, adopting the practice of offering multiple feeding stations, puzzle feeders, or hidden rations can significantly mitigate stress and promote mental stimulation. Considering the beneficial or detrimental role that continuous grazing, treat snacking, or suboptimal feeding patterns can have, it is crucial to keep up the conversation about best practices. The results of the survey reinforce that cat nutrition is a dynamic, evolving domain, with owners blending anecdotal observations, personal convictions, and marketing claims into their choices. In this fluid environment, veterinarians and cat behaviorists are well positioned to offer counsel that is grounded in evidence-based science, bridging the gap between emergent fads and holistic cat wellness.
Ultimately, this study of how and why pet cats are fed the way they are speaks to the deep bond that humans share with their feline companions. We see owners genuinely trying to do right by their animals, whether that means scouring labels, experimenting with raw or therapeutic diets, or simply trusting that cats know how to self-regulate if plenty of kibble is left out. Given that cats have unique nutrient requirements as obligate carnivores, and that they can be sensitive to stress in social groupings, it is ever more vital that owners remain open to accurate knowledge. In an interconnected world of accelerating dietary trends, the synergy of veterinarian guidance and respectful listening to owner experiences offers a beneficial path: owners can glean from the specialized knowledge of trained professionals, while clinicians remain attuned to evolving societal preferences. The robust results, detailing everything from the prevalence of raw feeding to the frequency of puzzle feeders, help define where cat owners stand right now, and they highlight avenues for the profession to direct future research and educational outreach. If the goal is to see cats remain vibrant, healthy, and emotionally content, then forging a deeper understanding of feeding practices—and how owners might be guided toward best choices—remains a critical mission, underscored by the wealth of data in this research.
Subject of Research: Feline Nutrition and Owner-Reported Feeding Practices
Article Title : How and why pet cats are fed the way they are: a self-reported owner survey
Article Doi References : https://doi.org/10.1177/1098612X231209894
Image Credits : Scienmag
Keywords : cat feeding, feline nutrition, raw diets, commercial cat food, multi-cat households, therapeutic diets, feeding behaviors, owner survey, veterinarian advice, diet trends
