A recent study conducted by researchers at the University of Cambridge has unveiled a critical need for improved educational opportunities for deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) children in India. As one of the world’s most populous nations, India faces significant challenges in providing inclusive education for all its citizens. This is particularly evident in the case of deaf and hard-of-hearing children, with research indicating that over 19% of this population was out of school as of 2014. The study underscores the importance of recognizing Indian Sign Language (ISL) as an official language in order to address the educational crisis faced by these children.
This imperative call to action emerges from a comprehensive analysis conducted by Dr. Abhimanyu Sharma from Cambridge’s Faculty of Modern & Medieval Languages & Linguistics. The research highlights the substantial gap between the legal rights afforded to DHH individuals and the reality of their educational experiences. Many deaf and hard-of-hearing children are deprived of formal schooling due to a lack of resources and supportive teaching methods, particularly sign language instruction. Dr. Sharma emphasizes that the stigma surrounding sign language in many Indian schools leads to the marginalization of deaf students.
The findings reveal that the prevailing approach to educating deaf children, known as ‘oralism’, has been detrimental to their academic performance and social integration. This method prioritizes speech and lip-reading over the use of sign language, often leaving DHH students without the necessary linguistic foundation to succeed in their education. The criticisms of ‘oralism’ are not new; however, Dr. Sharma points out that its widespread adoption in Indian schools continues to undermine the potential of deaf students.
One significant observation made in Dr. Sharma’s study is the contrast between the rhetoric surrounding educational reforms and the actual implementation of supportive measures for DHH students. Although the Indian government has taken some positive steps towards inclusivity, such as establishing the Indian Sign Language Research and Training Centre in 2015, these measures remain insufficient. Schools for deaf and hard-of-hearing children are alarmingly limited, with only 387 institutions currently operational across the entire country, leaving many children without access to appropriate education.
The undercounting of DHH individuals in national census data further exacerbates the issue, with an estimated 18 million deaf and hard-of-hearing people living in India, compared to the approximately 5 million reported in the 2011 census. This discrepancy suggests a severe misalignment between the actual needs of the DHH population and the government’s response. The language policy and educational structure must adapt to effectively cater to this demographic, ensuring that deaf children are provided with the necessary tools to thrive academically and socially.
Dr. Sharma’s advocacy for the constitutional recognition of Indian Sign Language represents a critical step towards elevating the status of sign language and improving educational outcomes for DHH individuals. By acknowledging ISL as a linguistic minority, the government would pave the way for increased funding and resources dedicated to specialized schools and institutes that serve deaf students. Furthermore, this recognition would foster a societal shift in attitudes, reducing stigma and promoting inclusivity.
Another dimension to this issue is the inadequate training of educators specializing in sign language instruction. While legislation such as the 2016 Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act has made strides towards promoting the use of sign language in educational settings, practical implementation remains lacking. Dr. Sharma notes the urgent need to train a sufficient number of teachers capable of meeting the unique educational demands of DHH students. Without a qualified workforce, the legislative advances do not translate into real-world benefits for those they aim to help.
The study also brings to light the complexities of India’s trilingual education policy, which is ill-suited to the needs of deaf learners. The 1995 Persons with Disabilities Act sought to streamline language learning for disabled students but failed to address the specific challenges related to sign language education. Consequently, DHH students often find themselves at a disadvantage, struggling to navigate an education system that does not accommodate their linguistic needs.
Highlighting the importance of ongoing assessments of educational policies, Dr. Sharma advocates for regular evaluations to guarantee that new initiatives effectively promote the inclusion of DHH individuals. This proactive approach is crucial for ensuring that targeted programs are responsive to the needs of deaf students and lead to meaningful advancements in their educational experiences.
In conclusion, the findings from Dr. Sharma’s study present a compelling argument for a systemic overhaul of the educational landscape for deaf and hard-of-hearing children in India. The call to recognize Indian Sign Language as an official language is not just a matter of policy but a necessary shift towards empowering a historically marginalized group. The path to educational equity for DHH children is fraught with challenges, yet with commitment from the government, society, and educational institutions, a more inclusive future is achievable.
Strong educational foundations for all children are essential to societal progress, and addressing the specific needs of DHH individuals is a crucial step in actualizing this ideal. The journey towards an inclusive educational system hinges on recognition, support, and the relentless pursuit of equality for every learner.
Subject of Research: People
Article Title: India’s language policy for deaf and hard-of-hearing people
News Publication Date: March 17, 2025
Web References: National Sample Survey of Estimation of Out-of-School Children in the Age 6–13
References: A. Sharma, ‘India’s language policy for deaf and hard-of-hearing people’, Language Policy (2025). DOI: 10.1007/s10993-025-09729-7
Image Credits: University of Cambridge
Keywords: Indian Sign Language, deaf education, inclusive education, oralism, language policy, educational crisis, DHH students, rights of persons with disabilities, teacher training, linguistic minority.
