In a monumental stride toward realizing a quantum-secure internet, researchers have successfully demonstrated device-independent quantum key distribution (DI-QKD) over unprecedented distances using optical fibers that span 100 kilometers. This groundbreaking work represents a major leap in the scalability and real-world viability of quantum cryptographic technologies, moving securely beyond previous laboratory constraints and enabling practical applications at metropolitan scale. This advancement promises to play a pivotal role in safeguarding digital communications amid an era of increasing cyber threats and the looming advent of quantum computing.
Quantum key distribution (QKD) has long stood at the forefront of quantum technologies, aspiring to provide communication methods impervious to eavesdropping. Classical cryptographic protocols face growing vulnerabilities as computational power advances, particularly with the prospective development of quantum computers capable of breaking widely used encryption. QKD offers a fundamentally different approach, leveraging the principles of quantum mechanics to enable two parties to share encryption keys with security grounded in the laws of physics themselves, rather than computational assumptions.
Traditional QKD protocols, however, require trusted measurement and quantum devices, which introduces practical vulnerabilities. Imperfections in hardware can give rise to side-channel attacks, undermining security. In contrast, device-independent QKD (DI-QKD) bypasses these vulnerabilities by deriving its security solely from the violation of Bell inequalities — a concrete signature of quantum entanglement that cannot be faked by any classical or malicious devices. This approach effectively treats devices as black boxes, thus providing robust security guarantees regardless of internal device behavior or potential tampering.
The realization of DI-QKD, though theoretically powerful, demands exceptionally stringent experimental conditions. High-quality entanglement must be reliably generated and maintained over long distances, while detector efficiencies must be sufficiently high to close potential loopholes in the Bell tests used. Prior demonstrations of DI-QKD were limited to short-range, controlled laboratory environments, typically spanning only meters or a few kilometers, limiting their practical relevance for real-world networking.
Addressing these formidable challenges, Bo-Wei Lu and collaborators have pushed DI-QKD into the realm of practical application by successfully implementing the protocol over optical fibers stretching 100 kilometers between two entangled atoms. This feat was achieved through the integration of advanced quantum technologies, including single-photon interference techniques which sharpen the coherence of the quantum states involved, and quantum frequency conversion methods that transmute photon wavelengths into the telecom band. The latter significantly reduces losses in fiber optic transmission, enabling high-fidelity entanglement distribution over metropolitan-scale distances.
Moreover, the team employed noise-suppressed photon emission approaches to enhance the purity of the entangled photon states. These noise mitigation techniques are crucial for preserving the quantum correlations essential for secure key generation. The researchers demonstrated that this meticulously engineered system could generate provably secure quantum keys over a finite data set with a secure distance of 11 kilometers and importantly revealed that positive secure key rates could still be maintained at an impressive distance of 100 kilometers, even accounting for practical real-world inefficiencies.
This work essentially bridges the gap between theoretical security proofs of DI-QKD and their experimental realization at meaningful distances. It expands the viable range of DI-QKD by over two orders of magnitude compared to earlier demonstrations, highlighting the immense progress in quantum optics, atomic control, and fiber optics integration. The implications for secure communication infrastructure are profound, marking a critical step toward the future quantum internet.
The quantum frequency conversion employed is a particularly noteworthy technical asset of this research. By shifting the quantum state’s frequency into the low-loss telecom band, the team substantially minimized signal attenuation typically experienced in optical fibers at shorter wavelengths. This spectral engineering is indispensable for bringing quantum communication networks into alignment with existing telecommunication infrastructure, which primarily operates at these telecom wavelengths.
In addition, high-efficiency detection systems used in the experiment played a pivotal role in achieving the protocol’s stringent requirements. The ability to detect single photons with exceptional efficiency and low noise is essential to close detection loopholes in Bell inequality tests. The combination of such detectors with robust entanglement extremely enhances the fidelity of key generation protocols, making the experiments not just proof-of-concept but practically scalable.
The researchers also tackled the challenges associated with entangling individual atoms over long distances, a notoriously delicate task. Typically, environmental disturbances and fiber losses can decohere or degrade the quantum states. Through state-of-the-art control and stabilization of quantum memories, the team could preserve entanglement integrity across the 100-kilometer fiber link, demonstrating a significant advance in quantum network nodes.
This successful demonstration of DI-QKD over extended ranges brings optimism for the development of secure quantum communication networks that are immune to hacking, even by quantum adversaries who might exploit vulnerabilities in device hardware. It sets a new benchmark for quantum cryptography performance, pushing it closer to deployment in city-wide or intercity quantum networks, thereby underpinning next-generation secure communication infrastructure.
In essence, this achievement is not only a technical triumph but also a scientific milestone that redefines the potential of quantum cryptography. It vividly illustrates how multidisciplinary innovations in quantum physics, materials science, photonics, and information theory coalesce to create practical solutions for future digital security challenges. As quantum networks evolve, device-independent protocols like the one demonstrated here will become paramount to guaranteeing unassailable data privacy, making the vision of a quantum internet a tangible reality.
Heading beyond metropolitan distances, the techniques validated here form the foundation for further scaling quantum-secure communications across continents, eventually linking global-scale quantum networks. Combined with satellite-based quantum communication and quantum repeaters, the future promises a robust global quantum internet architecture impervious to almost any form of interception or intrusion, fundamentally reshaping the cybersecurity landscape.
This work exemplifies how scientific rigor coupled with technological ingenuity can dismantle longstanding barriers, enabling a bold new era where privacy is intrinsically safeguarded by the laws of quantum mechanics themselves.
Subject of Research: Device-independent quantum key distribution over optical fibers spanning 100 km using entangled atoms.
Article Title: Device-independent quantum key distribution over 100 km with single atoms
News Publication Date: 5-Feb-2026
Web References:
10.1126/science.aec6243
Keywords
Device-independent quantum key distribution, DI-QKD, quantum entanglement, Bell inequalities, quantum cryptography, quantum internet, single-photon interference, quantum frequency conversion, optical fibers, quantum key generation, entangled atoms, secure communication.
