Attosecond core-level spectroscopy reveals real-time molecular dynamics

Chemical reactions are complex mechanisms. Many different dynamical processes are involved, affecting both the electrons and the nucleus of the present atoms. Very often the strongly coupled electron and nuclear dynamics induce radiation-less relaxation processes known as conical intersections. Such dynamics, which are at the basis of many biological and chemical relevant functions, are extremely difficult to experimentally detect.

The problem arises when one tries to simultaneously trace the nuclear and electronic motion, as their dynamics are hard to disentangle and they occur at comparable ultrafast timescales. That is why, in the past few years, capturing the molecular dynamical evolution in real-time has turned into one of the most burning challenges shared by physicists and chemists.

However, in a recent Nature Photonics publication, ICFO researchers Dr. Stefano Severino, Dr. Maurizio Reduzzi, Dr. Adam Summers, Hung-Wei Sun, Ying-Hao Chien led by the ICREA Prof. at ICFO Jens Biegert, together with theory support by Dr. Karl Michael Ziems and Prof. Stefanie Gräfe from the Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, have presented a powerful tool based on attosecond core-level spectroscopy to investigate molecular dynamics in real-time, which is capable to overcome the aforementioned challenges.

They have benchmarked their method tracing the evolution of gas-phase furan, an organic molecule made of carbon, hydrogen and one oxygen arranged in a pentagonal geometry. Its cyclic structure gives this kind of species the name of chemical “ring”. The choice was not arbitrary, as furan is the prototypical system for the study of heterocyclic organic rings, the essential constituents of many different day-to-day products such as fuels, pharmaceuticals or agrochemicals. Knowing their dynamics and relaxation processes is thus of huge importance.

Life history of furan unlocked

The team was able to time-resolve the details of the entire ring-opening dynamics of furan, that is, the fission of the bond between one carbon and the oxygen, which breaks its cyclic structure. To do it, they had to track the so-called conical intersections (CI), ultrafast gateways between different energy states that furan undertakes in its evolution towards ring-opening.

In their experiment, a light beam (the pump pulse) first excited the furan molecule. Then, an attosecond and much weaker pulse (the probe) was used to monitor the pump-induced changes in the sample. After the initial photoexcitation, the three expected conical intersections were located in time by analysing the changes in the absorption spectrum as a function of the delay between pump and probe. The appearance and disappearance of absorption features, as well as their oscillatory behaviour, provide signatures of the changes in the electronic state of furan.

On top of that, they could see that the passage through the first CI transition generates a quantum superposition between the initial and final electronic states, which manifested in the form of quantum beats. This ultrafast-phenomenon, which can only be explained using quantum theory, was extremely hard to identify in previous experiments. The second CI was in principle even more challenging to capture, as the final electronic state does not emit nor absorb photons (it is an optically dark state) and thus its detection through conventional methods is extremely demanding. Nevertheless, in this case their platform performed the task as well as before.

After that, the ring-opening was supposed to occur and the team’s equipment was victorious again in its detection.  The passage of the molecule from a closed to an open ring geometry implies a symmetry breaking that is imprinted in the absorption spectrum. The spectroscopic tool used by the researchers demonstrated to be extremely sensitive to the nuclear structure, and the ring-opening manifested itself as the appearance of new absorption peaks.

Finally, the molecule relaxed into the ground state (the lowest molecular orbital available) through the third conical intersection, whose transition was again accurately time-resolved.

The success of attosecond core-level absorption spectroscopy

All in all, Biegert and his group have proposed and successfully reported on a new analytical methodology to unveil the complex and intricated process that is molecular ring opening in its native ultrafast timescale. The combined high temporal resolution and coherent energy spectrum of their cutting-edge technique allowed them not only to track the transitions of furan across conical intersections, but also to identify electronic and nuclear coherences, quantum beats, optically dark states and symmetry changes, providing an extremely detailed picture of the whole relaxation process.

It is important to highlight that the power of attosecond core-level spectroscopy is not limited to this particular molecule, but consists in a general tool designed to be employed with other species too. Therefore, this new mechanism can bring to light the complex dynamics of relevant functions, such as the photoprotection mechanism of the DNA basis. Furthermore, the researchers identify the manipulation of efficient molecular reaction and energy relaxation dynamics as some of the most promising applications for their work.

Bibliographic reference

Attosecond core-level absorption spectroscopy reveals the electronic and nuclear dynamics of molecular ring opening, S. Severino, K. M. Ziems, M. Reduzzi, A. Summers, H.-W. Sun, Y.-H. Chien, S. Gräfe & J. Biegert, 2024, Nature Photonics,