The quest to uncover evidence of extraterrestrial life has long fascinated scientists and the public alike, driving numerous space missions and astrobiological investigations. Central to these efforts is the search for biosignatures—indicators of life such as specific chemical compounds, isotopic ratios, or morphological features preserved in ancient rocks. However, the detection of such biosignatures is far from straightforward. Grounded primarily in what we understand from Earth’s own complex geological and biological history, these indicators presuppose a sequence of environmental and evolutionary events that might be rare or entirely absent on other worlds. Recent groundbreaking research led by Westall and colleagues, published in Nature Astronomy, casts a new light on this challenge by analyzing some of Earth’s oldest preserved life remnants from the 3.45-billion-year-old Kitty’s Gap Chert in Western Australia, a location proposed to be a terrestrial analogue for Martian environments.
For decades, astrobiologists have relied heavily on Earth’s sedimentary record to establish criteria for identifying fossilized life beyond our planet. Yet, Earth has witnessed over four billion years of habitability, with life appearing quite early in the planet’s history—likely extending back to the Hadean eon (4.56 to 4.0 billion years ago). Paradoxically, clear biosignatures that would stand out to a distant observer might only be identifiable from the last 800 million years or so. This discrepancy arises because the earliest Earth life forms, often microbial and chemically simple, left behind subtle signatures that are extremely challenging to decipher and distinguish from abiotic processes. Thus, the actual window in which unequivocal life detection is feasible, using current biosignature frameworks, may be far narrower than the duration of life’s existence on Earth itself.
The authors focused their investigation on the Kitty’s Gap Chert in the Pilbara region, a sedimentary deposit radiometrically dated to approximately 3.45 billion years ago. This formation is one of the oldest well-preserved volcanic sedimentary sequences in the world, offering a unique snapshot into the conditions under which some of Earth’s earliest microbial life might have thrived. Its geological context makes it particularly intriguing because, in addition to age, the settings share notable geochemical and mineralogical parallels with environments believed to have existed on early Mars. By extrapolating findings from Kitty’s Gap, scientists aim to better understand what biosignatures early life might have left on other rocky planets.
Analyzing microfossils embedded within the chert rocks, Westall and colleagues applied a suite of advanced microscopic and spectroscopic techniques to probe their morphology, chemistry, and spatial distribution. Their multidisciplinary approach enabled them to assess syngenicity, the likelihood that these microstructures formed contemporaneously with the host rocks rather than being later contaminants, as well as biogenicity, or evidence that the features are indeed biological in origin. This distinction is critical since many abiotic processes can mimic life-like structures, complicating interpretations in ancient rocks both on Earth and in planetary missions.
One of the study’s key revelations is that the life forms from this deep past are predominantly chemotrophic microorganisms, more specifically chemolithotrophs. These organisms obtain their energy by oxidizing inorganic molecules such as iron or sulfur compounds, rather than by photosynthesis. Chemolithotrophy is thought to represent one of the earliest metabolic pathways to evolve, operating efficiently in the absence of oxygen and sunlight—conditions prevalent on the ancient Earth and plausibly on early Mars. However, chemolithotrophic biosignatures lack many of the spectacular molecular markers of more complex life forms and are notoriously difficult to detect remotely or via routine planetary lander instruments.
This insight poses a sobering challenge for astrobiology. If extraterrestrial life predominantly resembles these minimalistic chemolithotrophic organisms, rather than the oxygenic photosynthesizers that shaped Earth’s atmosphere and biosphere in later epochs, then our current methods may miss them entirely. As such, missions targeting Martian rocks, icy moons, or exoplanet atmospheres must recalibrate expectations and develop new analytical strategies capable of teasing out subtle and ambiguous biosignatures associated with such primitive metabolisms.
Moreover, the research underscores the methodological difficulties in validating purported biosignatures, especially when sample size and contextual information are limited. The Kitty’s Gap Chert is exceptional precisely because it preserves not just fossils but a comprehensive geological context that supports their interpretation as true ancient life. Most extraterrestrial samples, by contrast, lack this degree of stratigraphic and geochemical detail, making the confirmation of syngenicity and biogenicity even more tenuous. The study advocates for using terrestrial analogues — formations on Earth similar to potentially habitable environments on other planets — to refine detection techniques and interpretative frameworks.
The authors also highlight another vital consideration: the evolutionary trajectory of Earth life profoundly shaped the nature of its biosignatures. Early Earth life eclipsed by billions of years didn’t share the same biochemical complexity evident in later geological epochs. Techniques designed to detect modern or even moderately ancient biosignatures may therefore fall short when applied to the earliest biosphere records. This calls for an adaptive, multiscalar approach to biosignature detection, integrating geochemical, morphological, and isotopic evidence, with contextual geological information to improve corroboration of life detection claims.
Intriguingly, the focus on chemolithotrophs also reinforces the potential habitability of subsurface environments on other planets, both in the past and perhaps even today. On Mars, for instance, the search for life is increasingly directed toward evidence of hydrothermal and volcanic activity, where chemolithotrophic metabolisms could survive independent of surface conditions that are currently hostile. The Kitty’s Gap Chert provides a compelling analog for such environments, illustrating how early Earth life thrived at the interface of volcanic and aqueous processes.
In addition to informing planetary exploration strategies, the study’s findings resonate deeply within broader evolutionary biology and geochemistry fields. They refine our understanding of the earliest ecosystems, painting a picture of life’s initial foothold as a web of relatively simple organisms ingeniously exploiting chemical energy sources at volcanic interfaces and in hydrothermal systems. This metabolic innovation predated and likely paved the way for the rise of oxygenic photosynthesis, which transformed the biosphere and facilitated the diversification of complex life.
The implications for instrumentation and mission design are profound. Future missions searching for life on Mars, icy moons such as Europa and Enceladus, or even rocky exoplanets will require tools capable of accurately distinguishing biosignatures from abiotic imitations under varied and often ambiguous geological contexts. This might entail enhanced microscopic resolution, in situ geochemical assays, and perhaps molecular biosignature detection technologies far more sensitive than those currently deployed.
Finally, this research accentuates the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration. Decoding the earliest life traces demands the convergence of geology, microbiology, chemistry, and planetary science. Only by harmonizing these disciplines can researchers improve confidence levels in life detection beyond Earth and refine our understanding of life’s universal properties and potential diversity.
As humanity stands on the verge of sending more sophisticated probes to Mars, sample-return missions, and advanced telescopes to analyze exoplanetary atmospheres, refining our life detection criteria through insights from ancient terrestrial analogues such as Kitty’s Gap Chert becomes indispensable. Westall and colleagues’ work is a crucial step toward that goal, reminding us that the life we seek in the cosmos may be more elusive and subtle than previously imagined, lurking as quiet chemotrophic communities beneath planetary surfaces—waiting for us to develop the means to truly recognize them.
Subject of Research: Early life biosignatures and their implications for detecting extraterrestrial life, based on analyses of 3.45-billion-year-old microfossils from the Kitty’s Gap Chert, Western Australia.
Article Title: Insights from early life in the 3.45-Ga Kitty’s Gap Chert for the search for elusive life in the Universe.
Article References:
Westall, F., Purvis, G., Sano, N. et al. Insights from early life in the 3.45-Ga Kitty’s Gap Chert for the search for elusive life in the Universe. Nat Astron (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-025-02661-0
Image Credits: AI Generated
