Advances in priming B cell immunity against HIV pave the way to future HIV vaccines, shows quartet of new studies

Scientists have made several advances in the design of a class of HIV vaccines that could offer broad protection against the virus, according to four new research papers published this week in Science, Science Translational Medicine, and Science Immunology. “The studies […] exemplify progress in the rational design of [germline-targeting] HIV-1 vaccines, and what is being learned will guide [germline-targeting] programs for inducing [broadly neutralizing antibodies] against other human pathogens,” Rogier Sanders and John Moore write in a related Perspective on the new articles. As the HIV epidemic enters its fifth decade, scientists have poured time and resources into developing vaccine candidates for the virus. However, health authorities still lack a working, approved vaccine that induces broadly neutralizing antibodies, which can neutralize the most common circulating strains of HIV. One solution involves a process called germline targeting, where scientists use a series of proteins targeted by the immune system (immunogens) to shepherd and “prime” young B cells as they mature in sites called germinal centers, with the goal of coaxing the cells to produce broadly neutralizing antibodies against HIV. In the first paper in Science, Jon Steichen and colleagues tested the protective effects of a new germline-targeting strategy based on the N332-GT5 trimer, a component of the HIV viral envelope. Leveraging cryo-electron microscopy, the team showed that their approach successfully primed and boosted quantities of B cells that secret precursors to BG18 – an anti-HIV broadly neutralizing antibody – in a group of eight rhesus macaques. Taking a different delivery approach in the second Science study, Zhenfei Xie and colleagues demonstrated they could prime B cells with N332-GT5 via mRNA, which they delivered via lipid nanoparticles. When given to humanized mice, the mRNA delivered both the primary immunogen (N332-GT5) and two additional immunogens that further primed the target B cells. Together, these immunogens kickstarted the activation and expansion of B cells that secreted precursors to BG18, with Xie et al. hypothesizing that their strategy could reduce undesirable off-target binding. Meanwhile, in a study in Science Translational Medicine, Christopher Cottrell and colleagues designed a new nanoparticle immunogen as a boost to germline-targeting HIV vaccines. They first primed mice with an immunogen named eOD-Gt8 60mer, which was previously found to induce precursors to anti-HIV, VRC01-class broadly neutralizing antibodies in a phase 1 trial. After priming, Cottrell et al. then vaccinated mice with another immunogen named core-g28v2 60mer (in both protein and mRNA form) as a “first boost.” They found that this prime-boost approach elicited VRC01-class antibodies that were precursors to broadly neutralizing antibodies and neutralized HIV-like pseudoviruses in culture. Finally, in a study in Science Immunology, Xuesong Wang and colleagues showed that they could deliver eOD-Gt8 60mer as an initial priming immunogen via mRNA encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles. The researchers transferred several different humanized B cell lines into mice to mimic the competition between B cells that occurs during immunization. Their priming strategy coaxed B cells to diversify, participate in germinal centers, and acquire mutations and characteristics needed to secrete VRC01-class antibodies. In their related Perspective, Sanders and Moore add that the results provide a strong proof-of-concept for promising germline-targeting approaches, noting that the N332-GT5 trimer is now in a phase 1 trial.