In recent years, democratic institutions around the world have faced unprecedented challenges. Scholars have long assumed that citizens’ active participation and positive experiences with democracy serve as a safeguard against authoritarian tendencies. However, a provocative new study by researchers Ralph Hertwig and Stephan Lewandowsky, soon to be published in Communications Psychology, challenges this conventional wisdom. Their work reveals a paradoxical dynamic: the very experiences that citizens have within democratic systems can unintentionally create fertile ground for democratic backsliding.
At first glance, democracy’s resilience appears tied to the satisfaction and trust citizens place in their political institutions. When people feel their voices are heard and their preferences reflected in governance, democratic legitimacy should strengthen, right? Hertwig and Lewandowsky dismantle this simplistic view by showing how certain psychological and structural mechanisms mediate these experiences in unexpected ways. These mechanisms, embedded in collective memory and normative frameworks, may actually lower vigilance against threats to democratic norms.
The study draws on extensive empirical data integrating political psychology, behavioral science, and social dynamics. Hertwig and Lewandowsky describe a process rooted in cognitive heuristics: citizens often rely on past experiences as shortcuts to gauge political stability. Positive democratic encounters, such as free elections, open debates, and civil liberties, establish a baseline sense of normalcy. Over time, this baseline fosters a complacency bias—the assumption that democracy is self-perpetuating and inherently stable.
This complacency introduces a dangerous vulnerability. Citizens who grow accustomed to democratic routines may become less sensitive to incremental erosions of democratic institutions. They might overlook subtle changes like the weakening of judicial independence, strategic manipulation of electoral rules, or harassment of the press. These gradual shifts can escape collective detection precisely because they do not trigger immediate disruptions to citizens’ lived democratic experiences.
Moreover, the researchers identify a critical role played by emotional responses in shaping attitudes toward democracy. Positive affective experiences—such as pride in democratic achievements or hope inspired by political participation—reinforce citizens’ attachment to the democratic system. Ironically, this emotional bond can generate resistance to acknowledging illiberal trends that emerge within ostensibly democratic frameworks. Citizens may rationalize or downplay warning signs to preserve their positive identity association with democracy.
The team also highlights that individual differences in cognitive styles and motivated reasoning exacerbate the issue. For individuals with a high need for cognitive closure, simple narratives about democracy’s success reduce uncertainty and anxiety. This psychological comfort contributes to a blind spot regarding threats that do not immediately disrupt the status quo. Conversely, more critical or politically engaged citizens may detect democratic backsliding earlier but often lack the influence to mobilize systemic change.
Another dimension the paper explores involves social and informational environments. In contemporary media landscapes dominated by fragmented information and echo chambers, citizens’ democratic experiences become highly contextualized. Hertwig and Lewandowsky illustrate how selective exposure to congenial information further entrenches complacency. Networks that reinforce positive beliefs about democracy act as feedback loops, making alternative perspectives on institutional decay less accessible or credible.
This phenomenon ties into the concept of “democratic fatigue,” where citizens overwhelmed by constant political conflict—yet insulated from institutional threats—choose disengagement. Paradoxically, this withdrawal weakens democratic accountability, creating space for actors who exploit weakened civic vigilance. The researchers contend that the erosion of public sphere deliberation undermines the social conditions necessary to resist backsliding.
Importantly, the study does not indict citizens for democratic decline but rather sheds light on complex psychological and social dynamics that influence collective behavior. Hertwig and Lewandowsky advocate for interventions aimed at increasing democratic literacy and critical engagement. Policies focused on fostering awareness of institutional subtlety—such as civics education highlighting early warning signs of authoritarianism—could counteract complacency.
Their analysis also encourages reevaluating institutional designs to reduce reliance on citizens’ unreflective experiences. For instance, embedding stronger checks and balances and independent monitoring bodies can act as safeguards that do not depend solely on the electorate’s perceptions. Enhancing transparency and access to nonpartisan information are additional strategies to challenge the feedback loops shaping complacent attitudes.
The implications of this research extend beyond academic debates to practical governance and civic activism. Understanding how democratic experience paradoxically facilitates erosion enables policymakers, educators, and civil society to develop more nuanced approaches to resilience. It calls for fortifying democratic culture not only by encouraging participation but by cultivating reflexivity about democracy’s fragile foundations.
Moreover, Hertwig and Lewandowsky’s findings resonate deeply in contemporary geopolitical contexts where ostensibly democratic regimes have witnessed democratic reversals. The U.S., parts of Europe, Latin America, and Asia all furnish cases where public disenchantment and elite manipulations intersect with entrenched democratic routines. By explicating psychological pathways to complacency and resignation, the study offers a vital framework for interpreting current trends.
The integration of psychological insights into political science enriches the ongoing discourse on democracy’s vulnerabilities, advocating a multidisciplinary approach. Hertwig and Lewandowsky’s methodical blending of empirical psychological methods with geopolitical analysis exemplifies this trend. Their work serves as a vital clarion call that democratic resilience hinges on recognizing both the overt and covert forces shaping citizens’ perceptions.
Fundamentally, the study urges a paradigm shift: democracy is not simply preserved by experience alone but requires ongoing critical vigilance and adaptive institutional mechanisms. Citizens’ democratic experiences, when unexamined, can become a double-edged sword—providing feelings of stability while simultaneously numbing sensitivity to democratic decay. Recognizing and disrupting this paradox is essential for safeguarding democracy in the twenty-first century.
As democratic societies face converging crises—from economic inequality to technological disruption—the insights presented by Hertwig and Lewandowsky acquire heightened significance. Democracy’s future depends on balancing trust with skepticism and participation with informed scrutiny. Their research represents a pioneering stride towards understanding this delicate balance and offers a roadmap for fostering enduring democratic health in complex modern environments.
In conclusion, democracy’s preservation demands more than positive citizen experience; it necessitates cultivating awareness of democracy’s vulnerabilities embedded within those very experiences. Hertwig and Lewandowsky’s groundbreaking work shines a spotlight on how citizens, institutions, and societies must collaboratively overcome complacency to secure democratic governance against the subtle tide of backsliding that threatens the world stage today.
Subject of Research: The psychological and social mechanisms by which citizens’ experiences of democracy influence and potentially facilitate democratic backsliding.
Article Title: How citizens’ experience of democracy can actually pave the way to democratic backsliding.
Article References:
Hertwig, R., Lewandowsky, S. How citizens’ experience of democracy can actually pave the way to democratic backsliding. Commun Psychol 3, 144 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s44271-025-00327-1
Image Credits: AI Generated
