In the wake of George Floyd’s tragic death five years ago, a surge of attention momentarily illuminated Black-founded startups within the venture capital ecosystem. This heightened focus manifested in a striking 43% uptick in the share of venture capital (VC) dollars disbursed to Black-owned businesses during the two years following Floyd’s murder—a figure that, at a glance, suggested a hopeful shift in the longstanding disparities plaguing entrepreneurial finance. However, recent comprehensive empirical research conducted by Cornell University reveals that this wave of investment enthusiasm was fleeting, revealing more about performative allyship and systemic barriers than about sustained structural change.
The crux of Cornell’s investigation pivots on a meticulously assembled dataset, drawing from PitchBook’s extensive repository of capital market transactions spanning over two decades and encompassing 150,000 founders and 30,000 investors. To surmount the inherent challenges associated with accurately discerning race, the research team combined machine-learning algorithms with manual validation, scrutinizing founder photographs and profiles. This rigorous methodology afforded unprecedented insight into patterns of investment behavior, particularly in relation to Black entrepreneurs, allowing the study to unpack complex dynamics that superficial analyses might overlook.
According to Matt Marx, Bruce F. Failing, Sr. Chair in Entrepreneurship and professor at Cornell’s Dyson School, the renaissance in Black startup funding was predominantly buoyed by emergent investors who had previously never engaged with Black entrepreneurs. “The primary increase came not from those who already included Black founders in their portfolios,” Marx explains, “but from investors who, before May 25, 2020, had never backed a Black-led company.” This observation underscores the performative nature of the investment activity—a form of symbolic signaling rather than a deep-rooted commitment to inclusion or equity.
The research further illuminates a disconcerting characteristic: many of the new VC entrants did not follow through with additional investments or active involvement in Black startups post-2020. Effective venture capital is frequently characterized by hands-on participation, including board memberships and strategic guidance, yet these superficial investors tended to eschew such engagement. This lack of sustained involvement diminishes not only the capital flows that Black startups receive but also the intangible support networks critical for scaling entrepreneurial ventures.
In their Management Science paper, titled “Minimum Viable Signal: Venture Funding, Social Movements, and Race,” co-authored by Qian Wang, M.S. ’21, the authors articulate that this phenomenon resembles a “minimum viable product” version of racial inclusion in VC funding—a token gesture designed predominantly to enhance investor reputations rather than to foster meaningful structural change. The metaphor is particularly apt: the investment activity amounts to the smallest possible signal to satisfy public scrutiny without incurring substantive risk or operational commitment.
Concurrently, a forthcoming publication in the Journal of Finance titled “Funding Black High-Growth Startups,” also authored by Marx and his colleagues, cross-examines funding disparities with an even more granular lens. This work reveals that Black-owned startups secure merely about one-third the funding of comparable non-Black startups within the same industry vertical, founding year, and state—a stark quantitative testament to enduring inequities. Such findings complicate narratives that attribute funding gaps solely to merit or market dynamics, urging policymakers and practitioners to confront entrenched systemic biases.
A particularly salient insight from these investigations relates to “screening discrimination,” a concept that captures the unconscious biases embedded in the evaluative frameworks employed by VC firms. Screening discrimination implies that venture capitalists might deprioritize applicants based on perceived group characteristics, rather than objective measures of potential or performance. Intriguingly, the studies reveal that Black startups receiving investments from Black VCs tend to outperform those backed by non-Black investors, suggesting that shared cultural and social networks provide evaluators with richer, context-specific information facilitating superior investment decisions.
Women and underrepresented minorities frequently encounter “club” dynamics in venture capital, where access hinges less on objective quality and more on existing networks and social capital. Accelerator programs like Techstars and Y Combinator partially disrupt this paradigm by democratizing entry via application processes open to all. The research supports this notion, demonstrating that funding disparities are attenuated within accelerator cohorts relative to the broader venture capital landscape, owing largely to the reduced gatekeeping inherent to accelerators’ more transparent and meritocratic selection processes.
Yet, the research firmly distinguishes systemic bias from overt racism within the venture capital community. Importantly, Marx and his team find no substantial evidence of “taste-based discrimination,” the term economists use to describe discrimination motivated primarily by prejudice rather than information asymmetry. Instead, they observe that Black startups funded by non-Black VCs do not exhibit superior exit outcomes as might be expected if only the strongest companies overcame discriminatory barriers—indicating more subtle and structural factors at play. Moreover, the outperforming trends among Black VC-backed startups emphasize the value of culturally congruent networks that enable more accurate assessments of entrepreneurial potential.
The transient surge in Black startup funding following social movements appears, therefore, less a paradigm shift and more a symbolic gesture. This “minimum viable signal” of inclusion effectively allowed venture capitalists to present an image of responsiveness without committing to transformational changes in investment practices. These patterns highlight the necessity of rethinking how capital is allocated in innovation ecosystems, taking into account the socio-cultural dimensions that shape decision-making alongside rigorous economic metrics.
Underlying these funding disparities is a broader commentary about access, information asymmetry, and the role of social capital in innovation finance. The research warns against simplistic interpretations of VC engagement with Black entrepreneurs, emphasizing that equitable outcomes require more than episodic bursts of interest. Long-term, structural reforms must address the nuances of network effects, bias in screening processes, and mechanisms through which venture capitalists become “insiders” capable of fairly evaluating diverse founders.
Marx’s previous career as an engineer and entrepreneur imparts a pragmatic perspective to this inquiry, linking technological commercialization challenges with the socio-economic realities confronting Black founders. His adoption of the “minimum viable product” analogy reflects a sobering judgment on the investment community’s response—a minimalistic, performative, and ultimately insufficient bid at racial equity in venture funding.
In summarizing their findings, the researchers advocate for conscious strategies to expand the pipeline and network reach of Black entrepreneurs, including fostering more Black VCs to amplify in-group advantage effects. Additionally, supporting and scaling accelerator programs that decentralize access to capital represent promising avenues for mitigating entrenched disparities. Ultimately, meaningful reform in venture capital financing demands recognizing and disrupting the systemic barriers that constrain Black entrepreneurial success beyond mere appearances of change.
Subject of Research: People
Article Title: Minimum Viable Signal: Venture Funding, Social Movements, and Race
News Publication Date: 19-Aug-2025
Web References: http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2024.06410
Keywords: Entrepreneurship, Business, Finance, Financial management, Financial services, Racial differences
