In a comprehensive new study published in the Journal of Management, Melika Shirmohammadi, assistant professor of Human Resource Development at the University of Houston, brings critical insight into the persistent disparities minority groups face in achieving career success. This groundbreaking research, which systematically reviewed 337 journal articles, unveils the layered barriers that minorities encounter in professional environments — barriers that transcend mere individual effort or talent and are intricately tied to the concept of “complex visibility.” Shirmohammadi’s work offers a rigorous theoretical framework that dissects the paradoxical and often burdensome ways minority identities shape access to career advancement tools including networks, mentorship, and training opportunities, providing an essential foundation for future empirical inquiry and organizational reform.
The notion of career success has traditionally been associated with personal attributes such as hard work, competence, and skill acquisition. However, as Shirmohammadi’s analysis reveals, minority individuals are frequently relegated to the role of “outsiders” within professional settings. This outsider status renders them more vulnerable to what she terms “complex visibility,” a multidimensional construct articulating how minority identities are simultaneously hyper-visible, invisible, and subjected to managed visibility. Complex visibility creates unique challenges by affecting how individuals are perceived and, consequently, how they can leverage crucial developmental resources. Thus, career progression becomes not merely a function of individual merit but tightly interwoven with social dynamics and structural inequalities.
Hyper-visibility refers to the phenomenon where minority individuals are conspicuously noticed due to their difference from the dominant group, often resulting in undue scrutiny or stereotyping. Conversely, invisibility denotes a lack of recognition or voice within organizational discourse, where individuals are overlooked despite their presence. Managed visibility encapsulates the conscious efforts minorities must employ to either amplify or conceal facets of their identity in an attempt to conform to prevailing norms and mitigate the risks that hyper-visibility or invisibility might entail. These overlapping experiences engender a complex psychological and social landscape that minority employees navigate daily, shaping not only job satisfaction but measurable career outcomes.
Shirmohammadi’s research is grounded in detailed cross-sectional analyses of four historically marginalized groups: women, racial and ethnic minorities, people with disabilities, and members of the LGBTQ+ community. Her integrative review exposes how complex visibility manifests differently yet persistently across these distinct populations. Importantly, it challenges reductive narratives that treat minorities as monolithic groups, emphasizing the heterogeneity of barriers and the need for nuanced interventions. By theorizing these dynamics, the study equips organizations with conceptual tools to better understand and address inequalities that are not merely about representation but the deeper fabric of workplace inclusion and equity.
Statistical data underpinning the study paints a stark picture of how underrepresentation persists at the upper echelons of power and influence. Despite increasing awareness and diversity initiatives, women occupy only approximately 9% of CEO roles and 30% of board memberships in corporate sectors across Europe and North America. The political realm exhibits similarly dismal figures, with only 29 countries globally having women as heads of state or government, and women comprising roughly 23.3% of cabinet and ministerial positions. Racial and ethnic minorities face even grimmer prospects. In the United States, their presence in corporate boardrooms is just 19%, plummeting further to 12.5% in the UK and a mere 9% in Australia, despite constituting significant proportions of national populations.
The invisibility surrounding people with disabilities and the LGBTQ+ community complicates data collection and thus obstructs comprehensive understanding. Many individuals within these groups opt not to disclose their identities in professional contexts due to fears of discrimination or reprisal, effectively erasing their experiences from organizational awareness and policy consideration. This hidden nature of minority status underscores the critical importance of visibility frameworks that account for not just presence but the quality and safety of expression within occupational environments.
Shirmohammadi’s conceptualization of complex visibility ties directly to access — and conversely, the denial — of essential career resources. Networks and mentorship, often gatekeepers to opportunity, are less accessible to those perceived as outsiders, limiting minority employees’ potential for sponsorship and skill development. Training and development programs, while ostensibly open, may fail to accommodate the intersectional and identity-specific needs of marginalized groups, thereby perpetuating systemic inequities. These resource deficiencies contribute substantially to the observed disparities in career trajectories and success indicators.
The article also critiques prevailing organizational responses that tend to address inequality through superficial diversity hiring targets rather than engaging with the embedded social mechanisms that hinder true inclusion. Shirmohammadi advocates for a paradigm shift toward awareness-based interventions. Specifically, she calls for decision-makers within organizations to cultivate an in-depth understanding of how complex visibility operates within their specific cultural and operational contexts. Only with this knowledge can interventions be precisely tailored to dismantle barriers and facilitate equitable access to vital career advancement mechanisms.
Looking ahead, the implications of this research extend well beyond academic circles. By operationalizing complex visibility as a measurable construct, Shirmohammadi paves the way for quantitative studies to evaluate the efficacy of inclusion strategies across various organizational settings. Her framework equips human resource professionals, diversity officers, and policymakers with a sophisticated lens through which to diagnose and remedy the obstacles minorities face, moving beyond tokenistic representation toward substantive structural change.
Moreover, recognizing the nuanced visibility challenges minorities encounter encourages organizations to foster environments where authentic self-expression is not penalized but celebrated. This cultural shift is essential for harnessing the full potential of diverse workforces, enhancing organizational innovation, and driving sustainable success. The intricate dance of visibility that Shirmohammadi outlines reminds us that career success is a socially embedded phenomenon, contingent on whether individuals are seen, heard, and valued in all dimensions of their identities.
Fundamentally, this research underscores the need for a holistic approach to equity—one that transcends simplistic rhetoric and initiates systemic transformation. Through methodical evidence synthesis and theoretical innovation, Shirmohammadi’s work challenges entrenched paradigms and calls for strategic, context-sensitive action. Her findings signal a moment of reckoning for organizational leaders committed to dismantling structural barriers and cultivating genuinely inclusive workplaces where minority individuals do not merely survive but thrive.
As society moves forward into increasingly diverse labor markets and globalized economies, understanding and acting on the mechanisms of complex visibility will be indispensable. The future of equitable career success depends on embedding these insights into organizational DNA, reconfiguring power dynamics, and fostering authentic belonging. Shirmohammadi’s scholarship provides a map for this ambitious journey, promising progress toward workplaces where identity is not a liability but a source of strength and innovation.
Subject of Research: Career success disparities among minority groups and the conceptual framework of complex visibility affecting access to career advancement resources.
Article Title: Career Success and Minority Status: A Review and Conceptual Framework
News Publication Date: 19-Jun-2025
Web References: Journal of Management Article
Image Credits: University of Houston
Keywords: Career Success, Minority Status, Complex Visibility, Human Resource Development, Professional Development, Social Sciences, Business, Diversity and Inclusion, Marginalized Groups, Organizational Behavior
