In an era where digital literacy increasingly shapes educational paradigms, a comprehensive nationwide study conducted across Australia has delved deeply into the intricacies of early primary students’ attitudes towards writing. More than 500 Year 2 students, representing a significant cross-section of the population, contributed to this extensive research project that meticulously analyzed the connection between learners’ motivation and the quality of their written output, focusing distinctively on handwriting and keyboarding competencies. This investigation arrives at a crucial juncture in educational practice, as traditional pen-and-paper exams are phased out in favor of computer-based testing modalities starting from Year 3.
Led by Dr. Anabela Malpique, a senior lecturer in literacy at Edith Cowan University (ECU), in collaboration with the university’s “Writing for All” research group, the study scrutinizes how young students interact emotionally and cognitively with the processes of composing texts on paper versus digital devices. Central to the research was probing not only general writing attitudes but also evaluating how specific mindsets toward handwriting and keyboarding influence functional writing skills and compositional outcomes in formative years of schooling. This dual investigation lends vital insights for educators and policymakers grappling with the transition from analog to digital pedagogies.
Intriguingly, the study uncovered a pronounced divergence between attitudes and performance when comparing handwriting and keyboarding. While children expressed a broadly positive disposition toward both writing modalities, only their attitudes toward handwriting translated into tangible success in paper-based writing tasks. The quality, coherence, and productivity of children’s handwritten texts correlated strongly with their motivation and confidence in handwriting, underscoring a psychomotor-affective nexus that appears critical for offline writing development. Conversely, attitudes toward keyboarding demonstrated no statistically significant predictive power regarding digital writing performance.
This research challenges some prevailing presumptions about digital natives—cohorts assumed to inherently prefer and excel at keyboard-based activities due to early exposure to digital devices. Despite reporting more favorable feelings towards computer use for writing, children paradoxically regarded themselves as more competent when using traditional writing instruments. Comments from learners vividly illuminated the physical and cognitive challenges entwined with each mode: handwriting was often linked with physical strain, such as hand fatigue, while keyboarding was complicated by the cognitive load imposed by locating keys and coordinating finger movements effectively.
The implications of these findings are profound, especially considering the evolving demands of contemporary literacy assessments and instructional practices. As Australian education shifts toward predominantly computer-based literacy and numeracy testing from Year 3, understanding the underpinnings of writing competence in both handwritten and digital formats becomes essential. The research unequivocally points toward the importance of fostering robust handwriting skills in conjunction with keyboarding proficiency, rather than relegating handwriting to obsolescence in a digital age.
Further analysis revealed that keyboarding automaticity—the speed and accuracy with which children can type without conscious effort—is a much more consequential determinant of digital writing success than motivational factors. This insight suggests that the development of fine motor and technical skills necessary for efficient computer use should be prioritized alongside efforts to cultivate positive attitudes. The intricate coordination required to navigate a QWERTY keyboard and avoid attentional shifts away from content creation represent significant barriers that must be addressed to optimize digital composition outcomes.
During qualitative interviews with participants, nuanced perspectives emerged illustrating the complex embodied experiences of young writers. Reports of “hurting hands” while writing and exhaustion associated with prolonged pen use contrasted with frustrations related to “finding letters” on the keyboard and “looking down” during typing, disrupting cognitive flow. Such embodied accounts highlight the need for pedagogical approaches that are sensitive to both the physical and cognitive dimensions of writing, integrating ergonomic considerations and skill-building exercises tailored to the unique demands of each medium.
Dr. Malpique advocates for a balanced and holistic approach to writing instruction in primary classrooms, emphasizing that neither handwriting nor keyboarding development should be neglected. This balanced focus should simultaneously nurture psychomotor proficiency and motivational engagement, equipping students to navigate the multifaceted challenges of writing in a digitized educational landscape. By addressing both skill acquisition and attitudinal factors, educators can support emerging writers to achieve competence and confidence across all writing platforms.
This landmark study is part of a wider research initiative entitled “Writing for All: Handwriting and Keyboarding Skills in the Early Years,” generously supported by The Ian Potter Foundation. It forms a critical evidence base for informing educational strategies that accommodate the realities of declining handwriting-based assessments and rising digital demands. The publication, titled Motivation to write in the digital age: examining early primary students’ attitudes towards paper and computer-based text composing, appears in the academic journal Reading and Writing and offers extensive methodological rigor, employing a survey design to capture nuanced attitudinal and performance data.
Overall, this research confronts the assumption that digital writing is straightforwardly more accessible or preferred by young learners. Instead, it paints a sophisticated picture where motivational factors, psychomotor skills, and the specific demands of handwriting versus keyboarding dynamically shape early writing success. For educators, curriculum developers, and policymakers, these findings advocate for curricular models that integrate both modalities, enhancing student readiness for the diverse writing challenges of the 21st century. Understanding this balance will be fundamental in crafting effective literacy education that supports both cognitive and motor development in early learners.
Subject of Research: People
Article Title: Motivation to write in the digital age: examining early primary students’ attitudes towards paper and computer-based text composing
News Publication Date: 6-Nov-2025
Web References:
- Reading and Writing Journal Article
- Writing for All: Handwriting and Keyboarding Skills in the Early Years Project
References:
- Malpique, A., et al. (2025). Motivation to write in the digital age: examining early primary students’ attitudes towards paper and computer-based text composing. Reading and Writing. DOI: 10.1007/s11145-025-10724-x
Keywords: Early education, Education policy
