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Home SCIENCE NEWS Cancer

Two ways cancer resists treatment are actually connected, with one activating the other

December 18, 2018
in Cancer
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Credit: Penn Medicine


PHILADELPHIA – Drugs that target BRAF and MEK in cancer have shown promise in treating a subset of melanoma that carries a mutation in the BRAF gene, but drug resistance usually emerges, reversing the benefit of these drugs and limiting the survival of patients. Research has shown tumors have two common ways of resisting this approach. Until now, those resistance mechanisms were thought to be separate, but a new study from the Abramson Cancer Center at the University of Pennsylvania is the first to show they’re actually connected by a newly-identified process called ER translocation–where the first mechanism leads to a chain reaction that activates the second. Further, since drugs already exist that can block some of the steps of ER translocation, this finding potentially opens the door for new approaches to overcome resistance to treatment. Researchers published their findings in Cancer Discovery today.

BRAF mutations occur in a genetic pathway known as MAPK, and they are known to drive tumor growth in melanoma. This mutation is commonly targeted with a combination of BRAF inhibitors, as well as drugs called MEK inhibitors. These block ERK, which is an important protein in the MAPK pathway. The combination has led to higher response rates in melanoma, but resistance is common. The first common mechanism of resistance is that ERK finds a way to reactivate itself, getting around the intended impact of the inhibitor. The second common resistance mechanism is called autophagy – a process by which cancer cells recycle their own parts to survive.

“In this study, we not only identified how ERK reactivates, but also that it’s this reactivation which actually increases autophagy,” said the study’s senior author Ravi K. Amaravadi, MD, an associate professor of Hematology-Oncology in Penn’s Perelman School of Medicine and co-leader of the Cancer Therapeutics Program in the Abramson Cancer Center.

Researchers found that when melanoma cells are exposed to BRAF and MEK inhibitors, proteins in the MAPK pathway – including ERK – move from a part of the cell called the cytoplasm to another called the endosplasmic reticulum (ER). The researchers call this movement, “ER translocation,” and they found that it was required for ERK reactivation, which then increases autophagy. This work therefore ties together the two most common mechanisms of resistance to these treatments, ERK reactivation and autophagy, into one unified pathway controlled by ER translocation.

“To our knowledge, this is the first time anyone has shown that ER translocation of the MAPK proteins is a regulated process that leads to drug resistance, which is a major conceptual advance for the field,” said the study’s lead author Rani Ojha, PhD, a postdoctoral researcher in Amaravadi’s lab.

The researchers point out that since targeted therapies already exist to inhibit individual elements of that regulated process that controls ER translocation, it may be possible to develop a combination therapy capable of blocking both ERK reactivation and autophagy, thereby benefiting more patients.

###

Constantinos Koumenis, PhD, the Richard H. Chamberlain Professor of Oncology Research and associate director of Translation Research in the Abramson Cancer Center, and his lab contributed significantly to this work.

This work was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (R01CA169134, P01 CA114046, P01 CA165997, P30 CA016520, SPORE P50 CA174523, R01CA198015).

Penn Medicine is one of the world’s leading academic medical centers, dedicated to the related missions of medical education, biomedical research, and excellence in patient care. Penn Medicine consists of the Raymond and Ruth Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania (founded in 1765 as the nation’s first medical school) and the University of Pennsylvania Health System, which together form a $7.8 billion enterprise.

The Perelman School of Medicine has been ranked among the top medical schools in the United States for more than 20 years, according to U.S. News & World Report’s survey of research-oriented medical schools. The School is consistently among the nation’s top recipients of funding from the National Institutes of Health, with $405 million awarded in the 2017 fiscal year.

The University of Pennsylvania Health System’s patient care facilities include: The Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania and Penn Presbyterian Medical Center — which are recognized as one of the nation’s top “Honor Roll” hospitals by U.S. News & World Report — Chester County Hospital; Lancaster General Health; Penn Medicine Princeton Health; Penn Wissahickon Hospice; and Pennsylvania Hospital — the nation’s first hospital, founded in 1751. Additional affiliated inpatient care facilities and services throughout the Philadelphia region include Good Shepherd Penn Partners, a partnership between Good Shepherd Rehabilitation Network and Penn Medicine, and Princeton House Behavioral Health, a leading provider of highly skilled and compassionate behavioral healthcare.

Penn Medicine is committed to improving lives and health through a variety of community-based programs and activities. In fiscal year 2017, Penn Medicine provided more than $500 million to benefit our community.

Media Contact
John Infanti
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215-301-5221

Tags: BiologycancerCell BiologyMedicine/Health
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