The genus Pikelinia, established in 1946, currently comprises twenty South American species distributed from Argentina to Colombia. These spiders are characterized by specific morphological traits, including a modified male metatarsus II that typically exhibits an excavation and conspicuous setae. Recent phylogenetic reviews have redefined the genus, incorporating species previously assigned to other genera such as Filistata and Filistatoides. Despite these taxonomic advances, the ecology and biology of the group remain poorly understood, with limited data available on their behavior, diet, and population dynamics in various regions of South America.

Pikelinia floydmuraria is morphologically closest to Pikelinia fasciata, a species endemic to the Galapagos Islands in Ecuador. The new species shares a nearly identical male palpal structure and leg II chaetotaxy with its Galapagos relative. However, distinct differences exist in their coloration and genitalia. Males of the new species have a concolor leg pattern, whereas P. fasciata exhibits annulate legs. Furthermore, the female spermathecae of P. floydmuraria feature long, slender, S-shaped receptacle necks, contrasting with the shorter, stouter, and C-shaped necks found in P. fasciata. These morphological distinctions are critical for accurate species identification and classification.

The specific epithet floydmuraria is a neologism derived from the name of the rock band Pink Floyd and the Latin word for wall, alluding to the album The Wall and the species’ habitat preference. The spiders were consistently found in urban environments, particularly in the walls of buildings near streetlights. Observations revealed high concentrations of individuals, with counts reaching twenty to thirty per square meter, including juveniles. No specimens were found in natural conditions far from urban habitats, suggesting a strong adaptation to human-modified ecosystems and a reliance on anthropic structures for shelter and foraging opportunities.

In addition to describing the new species, the study provided the first description and illustration of the female genitalia of Pikelinia fasciata from the Galapagos Islands. Previous descriptions had not illustrated the spermathecae, leaving a gap in the taxonomic knowledge of this species. The new illustrations reveal spermathecae with long and straight receptacle necks originating laterally on the outer side of the receptacle base. These features are accompanied by conspicuous glandular areas, providing valuable morphological data for future comparative studies and potential phylogenetic analyses involving Galapagos endemics.

Dietary analysis of Pikelinia floydmuraria and an unidentified Pikelinia population from Armenia, Quindío, revealed a predominance of Hymenoptera, accounting for approximately thirty-five percent of the prey items. Diptera and Coleoptera were also significant components of their diet. The spiders were observed preying on ants significantly larger than themselves, a behavior that suggests an adaptive specialization for consuming well-defended prey. This finding is particularly notable in the Ibagué population, which showed a clear preponderance of larger Hymenoptera compared to other prey orders, indicating potential intraspecific dietary plasticity.

The presence of dipterans from the families Muscidae and Culicidae in the diet mirrors patterns seen in other synanthropic spiders in the region. These flies are known urban pests, suggesting that Pikelinia floydmuraria may play a role in natural pest control within urban environments. The frequent placement of webs near artificial lights likely represents a strategic adaptation to exploit phototactic prey, enhancing foraging efficiency. This behavior highlights the ecological services provided by urban spiders, which can help regulate insect populations that may otherwise become nuisances or vectors for disease.

The biogeographic origin of Pikelinia floydmuraria remains uncertain, with its morphological affinities to Galapagos congeners and unresolved diversity in Colombian populations complicating its classification. Molecular analyses, including DNA barcoding, are recommended to clarify whether the species represents a native population exploiting urban niches or a recent introduction to Colombia. Such integrative taxonomic approaches could also help assess undiagnosed morphological variation in Andean populations and determine if observed traits are phylogenetically constrained or ecologically driven. Future studies should focus on resolving these questions to better understand the evolutionary history and ecological role of this genus in South America.

This study expands the known diversity and trophic ecology of the Pikelinia genus, providing new insights into the biology of synanthropic spiders in Colombia. The discovery of Pikelinia floydmuraria and the detailed description of Pikelinia fasciata’s female genitalia contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of this group. As urbanization continues to reshape landscapes worldwide, the study of urban-adapted spiders becomes increasingly important for assessing biodiversity and ecosystem services. Further research is needed to fully resolve the trophic role of these spiders and to quantify their impact on urban pest populations, potentially informing conservation and management strategies in human-dominated environments.

Subject of Research: Another web in the wall: A new Pikelinia Mello-Leitão, 1946 (Araneae, Filistatidae) from Colombia, with notes on its diet and description of the female genitalia of P. fasciata (Banks, 1902)

Article Title: Another web in the wall: A new Pikelinia Mello-Leitão, 1946 ( Araneae , Filistatidae ) from Colombia, with notes on its diet and description of the female genitalia of P. fasciata (Banks, 1902)

Article References: Villarreal, O., Delgado-Santa, L., González-Gómez, J. C., Rodríguez-Castro, G. A., Román, A. C., Agudelo, E., & García, L. F. (2026). Another web in the wall: A new Pikelinia Mello-Leitão, 1946 (Araneae, Filistatidae) from Colombia, with notes on its diet and description of the female genitalia of P. fasciata (Banks, 1902). Zoosystematics and Evolution, 102(1), 357-366. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.102.175423

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.3897/zse.102.175423

Keywords: Another, wall, Pikelinia, Mello-Leit, Araneae, Filistatidae, Colombia, notes, diet, description, female, genitalia

The device, described in a recent paper in Frontiers in Medical Engineering, is the brainchild of Victoria Ribeiro Rodrigues, Lizuannette Mejia, Rafael G. Zucchi, Paul W. Davenport, and Nicholas J. Napoli, working across the university’s Human Informatics and Predictive Performance Optimization (HIPPO) Lab and the Department of Physiological Sciences. Their goal was ambitious: to create a single apparatus capable of applying both static and dynamic loads to the chest wall and abdomen, with precise, reproducible, and independently adjustable force levels. Existing methods, they argue, have fallen short on all these fronts, forcing researchers to choose between crude approximations that lack quantitative feedback or elaborate setups that cannot transition between restriction types.

At the heart of the problem is a fundamental distinction between two kinds of restriction. Static restriction immobilizes the chest wall entirely, regardless of how hard a person tries to breathe, mimicking conditions such as external bracing or severe mechanical constraint. Dynamic restriction, by contrast, applies a constant resistive load that allows movement only when the breathing muscles generate sufficient force to overcome it, a scenario that better reflects the challenges faced by people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), jet pilots enduring high g-forces, or race car drivers under sustained acceleration. Prior devices have typically addressed one or the other, but never both within a single, instrumented platform.

The University of Florida team’s solution is a wooden frame structure, roughly 48 inches tall and 33 inches wide, that surrounds a seated participant. Two middle boards, one positioned over the chest and one over the abdomen, slide along four rods connecting a padded front compression surface to a rear support board. Each middle board carries a vinyl strapping band, three feet long and eight inches wide, that wraps around the participant’s torso and secures with Velcro. A ratchet gear mechanism tightens the bands, pulling them snug against the body, while an adjustable width system of sliding wooden blocks ensures the bands conform to participants of different sizes. The vinyl material is deliberately non-stretchable, preventing any unintended give that could confound measurements.

What elevates the device beyond its predecessors is its instrumentation. Two Linear Variable Differential Transducers, or LVDTs, supplied by Omega, measure the horizontal displacement of the chest wall and abdomen during breathing, capturing even subtle changes in movement patterns. Pressure sensors, built around Millar Mikro-Cath pressure catheters inserted into air bladders filled with exactly 60 milliliters of air, monitor the force exerted by the bands on the chest and abdomen. Before each trial, the catheters are calibrated according to manufacturer guidelines, and a live data feed allows researchers to verify that the applied load matches the target pressure, tightening the bands further if the baseline falls short.

The transition between static and dynamic modes is elegantly simple. In static mode, four shaft collars are positioned and tightened on the rods, locking the middle boards in place and preventing any forward movement regardless of the participant’s effort. In dynamic mode, the collars are removed and constant force springs, flat strips of spring material coiled into cylinders, are mounted on the backboard and connected to the middle boards via carabiners. Unlike conventional compression springs, these provide a steady force throughout their range of motion, reaching full strength after being stretched to 1.25 times their diameter. This allows the participant to move the boards slightly while maintaining a consistent resistive load, simulating the kind of graded restriction encountered in real-world scenarios.

To validate the device, the team recruited six healthy, non-smoking volunteers, four males and two females, with a mean age of 24 years and a mean body mass index of 25.56 kilograms per square meter. Participants underwent pulmonary function testing under three conditions: baseline without restriction, static restriction, and dynamic restriction with a load of 45 kilograms. The tests measured forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC), following American Thoracic Society and European Respiratory Society acceptability criteria. Respiratory data, including airflow and mouth pressure, were recorded using a pneumotach connected to a mouthpiece and a two-way non-rebreathing valve.

The results were striking. Under both static and dynamic restriction, FEV1 and FVC dropped significantly compared to baseline, confirming that the device successfully induces physiologically meaningful restriction. FVC declined by 20.8 percent under dynamic loading and 28.2 percent under static loading, while FEV1 fell by 21.6 percent and 28.2 percent respectively. These reductions align closely with average decreases reported in prior chest wall strapping studies, which typically report FVC reductions of around 25.1 percent and FEV1 reductions of 24.9 percent. Additional metrics, including inspiratory volume, inspiratory time, peak inspiratory airflow, and peak inspiratory pressure, also showed significant differences across conditions, with participants adapting their breathing patterns under load by taking shallower, longer breaths that reduce the instantaneous work of breathing.

Displacement data from the LVDTs provided further confirmation of the device’s capabilities. During static trials, chest and abdominal movement was virtually zero, validating the rigid, non-yielding nature of the restriction. In dynamic trials, displacement reached approximately 0.5 centimeters, demonstrating that the device permits measurable movement under load. Pressure variability tests, conducted across three repeated trials for each condition, showed consistent mean pressures: in the static condition, minimum chest pressures ranged from 3.18 to 3.41 kilopascals with standard deviations between 0.17 and 0.22, while minimum abdominal pressures ranged from 2.70 to 2.96 kilopascals. In the dynamic condition, pressures were similarly reproducible, confirming that the device can deliver adjustable and repeatable loads across participants and sessions.

The implications extend well beyond the laboratory. The researchers envision applications in studying respiratory diseases such as asthma and cystic fibrosis, where chest wall mechanics play a critical role in disease progression. The device could also illuminate the physiological challenges faced by military personnel wearing body armor, firefighters in heavy gear, or astronauts and deep-sea divers operating under unusual pressure conditions. Because the apparatus allows independent restriction of the chest and abdomen, it opens new avenues for understanding how each region contributes to breathing patterns and how the body adapts when one or both are compromised. The team also suggests the platform could be extended to investigate cognitive function, muscle fatigue, and blood circulation under restricted breathing, domains where the interplay between respiratory mechanics and broader physiology remains poorly understood.

Looking ahead, the researchers acknowledge that their validation was conducted in a young adult sample, and that the effects of chest wall restriction may be amplified in older individuals, whose chest walls are stiffer due to calcified cartilage and vertebral deformities, and whose lungs have lost elastic recoil. Future studies, they argue, should include broader age ranges and populations with respiratory diseases, with careful attention to load levels that avoid triggering bronchoconstriction in vulnerable participants. Refinements to accommodate extreme body types and adjustable spring resistance for those with compromised pulmonary function could further expand the device’s reach. For now, the device stands as a versatile new tool in the growing effort to understand, model, and ultimately mitigate the respiratory challenges that arise when the simple act of breathing becomes a battle against constraint.

Subject of Research: Respiratory mechanics and biomedical engineering

Article Title: Chest wall restriction device for modeling respiratory challenges and dysfunction

Article References: Ribeiro Rodrigues, V., Mejia, L., Zucchi, R. G., Davenport, P. W., & Napoli, N. J. (2025). Chest wall restriction device for modeling respiratory challenges and dysfunction. Frontiers in Medical Engineering, 3, Article 1560136. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmede.2025.1560136

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.3389/fmede.2025.1560136

Keywords: chest wall restriction, respiratory mechanics, breathing dysfunction, pulmonary function testing, biomedical engineering, static and dynamic loads, COPD, extreme environments, Chest, wall, restriction, device

The problem begins with a practical constraint. Conventional material characterization at these frequencies relies on terahertz time-domain spectroscopy or vector network analyzers, both of which require phase-coherent measurements that capture both the amplitude and the phase of the transmitted wave. In real deployment scenarios, such as profiling walls for site-specific ray tracing or assessing materials in the field for integrated sensing and communication systems, only the received power—the intensity envelope—is reliably measurable. At sub-terahertz wavelengths, surface roughness on the scale of typical construction tolerances randomizes the optical phase, washing out the interference fringes that coherent methods depend on. The researchers therefore worked with the incoherent penetration-loss model recommended by the ITU-R P.2040-4 standard, in which total loss splits into a frequency-independent interface reflection term governed by permittivity and a bulk absorption term governed by both permittivity and thickness.

Under this intensity-only constraint, the authors uncovered a severe information bottleneck. The Fisher information matrix, the mathematical object that quantifies how much information a set of measurements carries about unknown parameters, becomes nearly rank-one when measurements are taken at a single incidence angle. Its condition numbers, which measure how badly conditioned the estimation problem is, range from ten million to a billion across common building materials. The physical origin is elegant: the absorption gradient at every frequency points along essentially the same direction in the two-dimensional parameter space of permittivity and thickness, so sweeping across the 100-to-300-gigahertz band adds little independent information. The two Jacobian columns—the sensitivity profiles of the loss with respect to each parameter—have a cosine similarity exceeding 0.996, meaning they are almost perfectly collinear. In plain terms, permittivity and thickness are jointly unidentifiable from a single-angle intensity measurement.

To make this abstract diagnosis concrete, the researchers deployed neural networks as diagnostic probes rather than as miracle solvers. They trained a fully connected deep network with roughly 930,000 parameters to estimate permittivity and thickness from noisy 201-point penetration-loss spectra, then compared its mean squared error against the Cramér–Rao lower bound, the statistical floor that limits any unbiased estimator. The ratio of the bound to the actual error, which they call the efficiency eta, was mapped as a heatmap across the parameter space, complemented by a second metric called Gain that measures improvement over a naive constant predictor. Together, these two indicators distinguish regions where the data themselves are information-poor from regions where an estimator simply fails to exploit available information.

The results split into two strikingly different regimes depending on how the loss tangent, the material’s dissipative property, is treated. When the wall material class is known—drywall, glass, concrete—so that the loss tangent is bounded to a tabulated class-representative value, the problem is genuinely learnable. The network achieved a root-mean-square error of 1.57 on permittivity against a naive baseline of 2.72, a 66.6 percent gain, and reduced absolute errors by 41 to 89 percent on four of five ITU-R reference materials. But when the loss tangent follows a continuous, two-parameter conductivity law that varies sample to sample—the arguably more realistic open-world case where the material class is unknown—the same architecture degraded to within 1.5 percent of the naive predictor. The extra nuisance entropy washes out the absorption-slope signature the network needs. Notably, the authors explicitly corrected an earlier claim from their own work: the continuous frequency-dependent model is the harder case, not the easier one.

Crucially, the team demonstrated that this precision limit is not an artifact of neural network design. They benchmarked against a maximum-likelihood estimator that is essentially Cramér–Rao-efficient, with efficiency ratios between 0.61 and 1.09, and found it cannot beat the same one-to-two RMSE floor on permittivity. Monte-Carlo dropout and deep ensemble estimators reproduced both the accuracy floor and the spatial efficiency pattern, with Spearman rank correlations between 0.88 and 1.00 across architectures differing by a factor of twenty in parameter count. The bottleneck, the authors conclude, is information-geometric rather than architectural. Even uncertainty-aware methods that report their own confidence offer no escape: the ensemble spread grew only mildly toward the degenerate region and correlated weakly with true error, which is precisely why a Cramér–Rao-based diagnostic, not an estimator’s self-reported variance, is the right instrument for certifying identifiability.

The framework survived an extensive battery of robustness checks. Substituting independently published terahertz time-domain spectroscopy material parameters into the same forward model reproduced the near-degeneracy, with condition numbers of the same order and Jacobian collinearity above 0.995—a sanity check on measured parameters, though the authors are careful to note it is not a validation against measured spectra, which remains future work. Dynamic-range censoring, alternative noise models, incidence-angle uncertainty, and mismatched forward models all confirmed the same model-agnostic bottleneck. A two-layer wall analysis showed the problem only worsens, with condition numbers climbing to ten billion or beyond.

The security payoff of the framework is a worked example that translates estimation uncertainty into certifiable protection-zone boundaries. For a learnable plasterboard wall, the propagation of estimation error into loss uncertainty yields a margin of about 16 decibels at three meters, an interception probability of roughly four in a hundred thousand, and a confident certificate. A fifteen-centimeter concrete wall presents a subtler verdict: it is link-budget-safe, since its roughly 256-decibel penetration loss buries any eavesdropper’s signal far below threshold, but it is not sensing-certifiable, because its entire spectrum exceeds the receiver’s 60-decibel dynamic range and its parameters cannot be identified at all. The genuinely dangerous case is a moderate-loss wall whose eavesdropper signal sits near the secrecy threshold, where a few decibels of estimation uncertainty can flip the verdict.

The study also points to a concrete remedy. Adding even a single oblique measurement angle rotates the absorption gradient and introduces an information direction orthogonal to the normal-incidence one, cutting the Cramér–Rao bound by factors of two for thin low-loss slabs and more than twenty-five for thick absorptive materials. Two-angle diversity reduced the concrete condition number from 580 million to 8.5 million and the best-case loss uncertainty from 68 to 5.8 decibels, restoring certifiability, and the gain remains robust to one-to-two degrees of pointing error. For 6G designers, the message is twofold: neural networks can approach the theoretical limit of what intensity-only wall sensing can deliver, but that limit itself is set by physics, and overcoming it will require measuring smarter, not training longer.

Subject of Research: Information-theoretic efficiency diagnosis of neural-network estimators for sub-THz intensity-only wall sensing

Article Title: Information-theoretic efficiency diagnosis of neural-network estimators for sub-THz intensity-only wall sensing

Article References: Wu, Q., & Huang, W. (2026). Information-theoretic efficiency diagnosis of neural-network estimators for sub-THz intensity-only wall sensing. Cybersecurity, 9(1), Article 233. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42400-026-00659-3

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.1186/s42400-026-00659-3

Keywords: Information-theoretic, efficiency, diagnosis, neural-network, estimators, sub-THz, intensity-only, wall, sensing, scientific research

The patient arrived with a palpable, tender mass in the right anterior chest wall. Imaging with color Doppler ultrasound revealed a predominantly cystic lesion situated between the right pectoralis major muscle and the adjacent costal cartilage, an anatomical location where infectious masses are uncommon and neoplastic ones draw immediate attention. Faced with a lesion of uncertain nature, the clinical team proceeded to a core-needle biopsy, the standard approach for obtaining tissue when imaging alone cannot distinguish between a tumor, an abscess, or something rarer still.

What the pathologists saw under the microscope was suggestive but not conclusive. The biopsy showed a reactive spindle-cell proliferation accompanied by prominent inflammatory infiltrates, a pattern indicating that the tissue was responding to some kind of insult, but it did not identify the cause. Reactive spindle-cell lesions can accompany infection, trauma, or neoplasia, and without an etiological agent in view, histopathology alone could not deliver a diagnosis. This is a familiar frustration in infectious disease practice: tissue shows inflammation, but the organism responsible remains invisible, either because it is present in very low numbers, because it is difficult to stain, or because it simply is not on the laboratory’s radar.

That is where the sequencing came in. The team sent the biopsy specimen for metagenomic next-generation sequencing, an unbiased technique that extracts all genetic material from a sample and reads it without needing to guess in advance which pathogen might be present. Unlike targeted PCR tests, which hunt for one organism at a time, mNGS surveys everything, comparing the sequences obtained against reference databases such as those maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information. In this case, the analysis detected Encephalitozoon cuniculi, and no other pathogen reached the reporting threshold, giving the clinicians a single, coherent answer to a question that microscopy had left open.

Encephalitozoon cuniculi belongs to the microsporidia, a group of obligate intracellular parasites that are now classified as fungi. They are among the smallest eukaryotic cells known, and their biology is strikingly streamlined: they carry severely reduced genomes and rely on the host cell for much of their metabolism, including energy generation, which they extract through a unique plasma membrane transporter called a polar tube injection machinery that physically injects the sporoplasm, the infectious contents of the spore, directly into a host cell. Spores shed by infected individuals are environmentally resistant and can survive for extended periods outside a host, making transmission through contaminated water, food, or direct contact a persistent concern, particularly in settings involving animals, since E. cuniculi infects rabbits and other mammals and is considered zoonotic.

In immunocompetent people, exposure to microsporidia is thought to be relatively common and usually either asymptomatic or self-limited, particularly when it involves the gastrointestinal tract. Clinically apparent disease, however, has historically been concentrated in people living with HIV, transplant recipients on immunosuppressive drugs, and others with compromised cellular immunity. Symptomatic infection in a person without recognized immunodeficiency is uncommon, and a deep tissue infection presenting as a chest wall mass is rarer still. The authors of the report note that this case underscores an unusual presentation of tissue microsporidiosis, one that could easily have been misclassified as a tumor or an nonspecific inflammatory lesion had the workup stopped at conventional histology.

Importantly, the sequencing result did not stand alone. Once mNGS had pointed to microsporidia, the team revisited the biopsy tissue with specialized stains. Periodic acid–Schiff staining and Grocott’s methenamine silver staining, both of which highlight carbohydrate-rich structures in fungal and fungal-like organisms, revealed small spore-like structures compatible with microsporidia. This convergence of independent lines of evidence, molecular detection on one hand and morphological visualization on the other, is exactly how modern diagnostic workflows are meant to function: sequencing generates a hypothesis rapidly, and targeted classical techniques then confirm it on the original material. Based on the combined findings, the clinicians considered tissue microsporidiosis associated with E. cuniculi the most likely diagnosis.

Treatment followed promptly. Albendazole, a benzimidazole anthelmintic that disrupts microtubule polymerization and is the mainstay of therapy for microsporidial infections, was initiated and administered for three months. At telephone follow-up after completion of the treatment course, the patient reported that the palpable mass and the tenderness had resolved. A follow-up contrast-enhanced chest CT scan performed on August 13, 2026 showed no residual lesion in the right anterior chest wall, a satisfying radiological confirmation of what the patient had already reported clinically. The authors discontinued albendazole after the three-month course, and the case stands as an example of a complete diagnostic and therapeutic arc, from an undifferentiated mass to a confirmed rare infection and a documented cure.

The case carries several broader lessons for clinical practice. First, it demonstrates the diagnostic value of mNGS as an adjunct when conventional histopathology is inconclusive, a scenario that arises constantly in hospitals worldwide. The technology is not a replacement for pathologists; the reactive spindle-cell proliferation seen on biopsy was itself meaningful information, and the confirmatory special stains required a human expert to interpret them. Rather, mNGS functions as a wide-net complement, particularly for organisms like microsporidia that are small, easily overlooked, and absent from most routine laboratory panels. Second, the case is a reminder that rare opportunistic pathogens can occasionally cause disease in hosts who appear immunologically normal, and that a patient’s immune status should not be the sole gatekeeper determining which infections clinicians consider.

There are also open questions that a single case report cannot answer. The route of exposure in this patient remains unclear, as does the reason why an apparently immunocompetent individual developed a localized deep tissue infection. The report notes that the patient had no known major immunodeficiency, but subtle immune defects, whether genetic, medication-related, or transient, can sometimes underlie infections that seem surprising at first glance. As mNGS becomes more widely available and more affordable, cases like this one are likely to surface with greater frequency, gradually refining the map of where microsporidia infect humans and under what circumstances. For now, the Guangzhou case offers a concrete demonstration of how unbiased sequencing, classical staining, and attentive clinical follow-up can together resolve an infection that would otherwise have remained nameless, and it adds a rare etiology to the differential diagnosis of chest wall masses, a list that clinicians may now consult with slightly wider eyes.

Subject of Research: Tissue microsporidiosis caused by Encephalitozoon cuniculi diagnosed by metagenomic next-generation sequencing in an immunocompetent patient

Article Title: Chest wall tissue microsporidiosis associated with metagenomic next-generation sequencing detection of Encephalitozoon cuniculi: a case report

Article References: Zhang, W., Guan, J., Yi, H., & Zhang, J. (2026). Chest wall tissue microsporidiosis associated with metagenomic next-generation sequencing detection of Encephalitozoon cuniculi: a case report. BMC Infectious Diseases. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-026-14555-1

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.1186/s12879-026-14555-1

Keywords: Encephalitozoon cuniculi, microsporidiosis, metagenomic next-generation sequencing, chest wall mass, case report, albendazole, histopathology, infectious diseases, immunocompetent host, diagnostic sequencing, Chest, wall