Research report: Subjective sleep quality and sustained attention before and after a 24-hour smartphone restriction in adolescent swimmers: a single-group pretest–posttest study

Ophelia Keating — Tue, 27 Oct 2026 08:53:14 +0000

A single-group pretest–posttest study investigated the impact of a 24-hour smartphone restriction on the subjective sleep quality and sustained attention of adolescent competitive swimmers. The research, conducted by Gönen Dogan, Dilan Futsi, Oznur Akyuz, Hakan Guler, and colleagues, examined 43 competitive swimmers aged 10–16 years (mean age 12.84 ± 1.90 years; 26 male) who underwent a 24-hour smartphone restriction period. This intervention was rigorously verified using tamper-evident sealed bags to ensure compliance. The study employed two primary metrics: subjective sleep quality, assessed using a 10-cm visual analogue scale (VAS) where 0 cm represented good sleep and 10 cm represented poor sleep, and sustained attention, measured via the Bourdon Attention Test, which evaluated both accuracy and completion time.

The results indicated statistically significant improvements in both sleep quality and sustained attention following the restriction period. Regarding sleep quality, the VAS scores demonstrated a decrease from a mean of 2.93 ± 1.96 cm before the intervention to 1.91 ± 1.80 cm after the restriction. This change represents a mean difference of −1.01 cm, which was highly statistically significant (p < .001; dz = 0.69), suggesting better self-rated sleep quality post-restriction. Furthermore, the Bourdon Attention Test revealed marked cognitive benefits. Total accuracy increased by 6.30 correct responses (95% CI 3.80 to 8.80; p < .001; dz = 0.78), and the total completion time decreased by 32.4 seconds (95% CI 20.5 to 44.3; p < .001; dz = 0.84).

Further analysis explored potential moderating factors within the cohort. The researchers found no statistically significant differences in the pre–post changes based on the swimmers’ sex or their habitual screen time. However, a notable association was identified: swimmers who reported higher levels of habitual screen time across both sessions tended to report poorer sleep quality (p = .023, ηp² = 0.12).

Despite the positive outcomes observed in this single-group pretest–posttest design, the authors cautioned that the results must be interpreted with clinical prudence. Because the study lacked a control condition—meaning there was no comparison group that did not undergo the restriction—the observed improvements cannot be definitively attributed solely to the smartphone restriction. The researchers acknowledge that these changes may partially reflect practice effects or other confounding variables inherent in a single-group design. Therefore, they emphasize that future research should employ randomized controlled studies to isolate the specific effects of smartphone restriction on adolescent health and performance.

Subject of Research: The effects of a 24-hour smartphone restriction on subjective sleep quality and sustained attention in adolescent competitive swimmers.

Article Title: Subjective sleep quality and sustained attention before and after a 24-hour smartphone restriction in adolescent swimmers: a single-group pretest–posttest study

Article References: dogan, G., futsi, D., akyuz, O., guler, H., & gunay, E. (2026). Subjective sleep quality and sustained attention before and after a 24-hour smartphone restriction in adolescent swimmers: a single-group pretest–posttest study. BMC Pediatrics. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-026-07951-8

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.1186/s12887-026-07951-8

Keywords: Smartphone use, Adolescent health, Sleep quality, Sustained attention, Competitive swimming, Behavioral intervention, Cognitive function, Digital detox, Subjective, sleep, quality, sustained

visual analogue scale for sleep quality – Science

Research report: Subjective sleep quality and sustained attention before and after a 24-hour smartphone restriction in adolescent swimmers: a single-group pretest–posttest study