The new census updates a 2015 survey that estimated roughly 280 individuals. The current count of 320 trees conceals a stark imbalance: the single largest population, at Dawanggou in Yuexi County, Anhui, holds 225 trees, about 70.53 percent of the entire wild population. Elsewhere, the Henan Dabie Mountain National Nature Reserve in Shangcheng County holds 48 individuals, Tianma National Nature Reserve in Jinzhai County holds 30 including 11 seedlings, and the Hubei Dabie Mountain National Nature Reserve in Yingshan County holds 16, of which 13 are seedlings. A single wild tree survives in the Anhui Yaoluoping National Nature Reserve, and it is the very tree from which the species’ type specimen was collected. Across its range, the population shows an inverted pyramid age structure dominated by mature and senescent trees, a demographic profile that signals regeneration failure under natural conditions.

Why is this pine failing to reproduce? The study draws on earlier research to assemble a chain of biological constraints. As a wind-pollinated species, P. dabeshanensis suffers a sharp decline in pollen dispersal beyond about 50 meters, and dense canopy cover combined with the region’s rainy, foggy weather further hampers wind-mediated pollination, producing very low seed-set rates. The seeds themselves lack effective wind-dispersal structures such as a wing, so they depend on animals that consume or hoard them, restricting dispersal distances and preventing colonization of open habitats. The species also faces competition from faster-growing angiosperms that outpace its growth and reproduction once disturbance patterns change. On top of these intrinsic vulnerabilities, human pressures compound the decline: the tree’s high ornamental value has made it a target for illegal digging, while logging and development have fragmented its habitat. Climate change adds a longer-term threat, as previous studies indicate that warming since the Holocene has already shrunk the species’ suitable range and reduced its population size.

Against this backdrop, the assessment evaluated how well existing conservation measures are working, and the results are strikingly uneven. A preliminary in situ conservation network does exist: most natural stands fall within national nature reserves, and three reserves in Henan and Anhui have deployed intelligent monitoring systems equipped with infrared cameras, real-time video tracking, and ecological data collection facilities. The Hubei reserve, however, lacks such a system due to insufficient funding. The clearest in situ success story comes from Hubei, where managers protected the reserve’s three mature trees with a surrounding fence, installed supportive steel frames to prevent old trees from toppling, backfilled soil to stabilize roots, disinfected and filled hollow trunk cavities with professional wound sealant, controlled pests with pesticides, and cleared shrubs, herbaceous plants, and litter around the pines. These interventions not only kept the adult trees alive but also facilitated seed germination and seedling growth near the mother trees, where 14 seedlings were subsequently enclosed in bamboo cages to guard against animal predation.

The fate of the type tree in Anhui illustrates how much remains to be learned. Diagnosed with Pine Needle Blight and Pine Rust, the tree received fungicide sprays, pruning of diseased branches, and repeated applications of a calcium sulfate solution. Severe damage from Diprion nanhuaensis sawfly larvae prompted pesticide treatment, and frost damage was addressed with anti-freeze solutions applied to soil and trunk, straw mats over the root zone, and geotextile wrapping. Staff also aerated the soil, applied fungicides to the root environment, and sealed wounds with a conifer-specific sealant. Despite this intensive care, the tree’s crown was dead and needleless when researchers visited in October 2024, and by early October 2025 most of its branches had lost their needles. The authors note that no standardized protocols for pest and disease control of this species have been formulated, a gap made more urgent by the spread of pine wilt disease, which since its 1982 appearance in Nanjing has devastated pines across tropical and subtropical China. Because P. dabeshanensis grows sympatrically with the susceptible Pinus massoniana, the study calls for a pest and disease monitoring network across the Dabie Mountains.

Artificial propagation has expanded considerably, forming a preliminary network across all three provinces. The largest nursery belongs not to a government agency but to a farmer in Miaodaoshan Village, Dawanggou, whose family has cultivated more than 8,000 saplings aged two to seven years from seed. The Hubei reserve operates a 38-hectare nursery with over 2,000 seedlings and saplings, the Henan Dabie Mountain National Nature Reserve has raised roughly 800 saplings with the Xinyang Forestry Research Institute since 2011, and the Yaoluoping reserve has propagated over 200 saplings. Yet the study identifies serious weaknesses in this work. Nearly all seed used for propagation comes from a single source, the Miaodaoshan farmer, with mother trees selected at random and no consideration of genetic diversity. Natural pollination is so inefficient that none of the seeds collected in 2023 germinated. Nurseries rely almost exclusively on sexual propagation while ignoring grafting and cuttings, even though earlier research demonstrated that rootstock grafting works for this species. Underfunding has left seedlings vulnerable to environmental stress: during the winter of 2023, more than 20 percent of the Miaodaoshan seedlings died.

Reintroduction results reveal how decisive post-planting management can be. The earliest effort began in 1984 at the Wenao Forest Farm in Dawanggou, where the Yuexi Forestry Bureau and local farmers have planted over 2,000 saplings across four decades with a survival rate exceeding 60 percent. The Hubei reserve achieved the best outcome on record, transplanting more than 1,300 saplings into forest habitats near the three mother trees with a survival rate above 80 percent, helped by planting three-to-five-year-old saplings on shady or semi-shady slopes and reducing interspecific competition. By contrast, the Henan Dabie Mountain National Nature Reserve’s 2,500 reintroduced saplings since 2011 show only 24 percent survival overall, though at the Dawanzi site most established saplings grow well at 5 to 10 centimeters per year. The worst result came from Liankang Mountain National Nature Reserve, where 200 saplings planted without any subsequent management achieved a survival rate of no more than 10 percent, victims of intense competition and unmanaged growth. The authors argue that reintroduction must be planned and coordinated, based on research into elevation, light, soil, and competition, and supported by assisted management and long-term monitoring.

Ex-situ conservation, meanwhile, remains in its infancy. Seven botanical gardens, including Chenshan in Shanghai, Wuhan in Hubei, and Zhongshan in Jiangsu, hold cultivated plants, with 131 individuals introduced and 88 surviving, a 67.2 percent survival rate. But every seed introduced to every garden and to the Germplasm Bank of Wild Species came exclusively from the Dawanggou population, leaving the Henan, Hubei, and Jinzhai populations unsampled. Ex-situ collections consist mainly of seedlings and saplings that have yet to reach reproductive maturity, and genetic comparisons show they carry lower variation than wild populations, with certain private alleles entirely missing. The study also reports that over 50 percent of the species’ genetic diversity in natural populations lies outside established nature reserves, making the unprotected Dawanggou core population a priority for formal incorporation into the protected area system.

The broader lesson extends well beyond one pine. Genetic studies show P. dabeshanensis holds moderate diversity overall, with 40.94 percent of variation between populations, a signature of geographic isolation and limited seed dispersal that leaves small groups vulnerable to inbreeding depression. The authors argue that nature reserves alone, designed primarily to exclude human disturbance, often fail gymnosperms, whose regeneration historically depended on fire and disturbance regimes that modern fire-prevention policies suppress, accelerating succession and competition to the disadvantage of conifers documented in Cycas panzhihuaensis, Cathaya argyrophylla, and Abies beshanzuensis as well. Their prescription is an integrated framework: systematic genetic surveys to guide sampling, targeted habitat management with standardized protocols, assisted pollination, diversified propagation including grafting, coordinated and monitored reintroduction, better-connected ex-situ collections, and dedicated funding. As China works toward its Kunming-Montreal commitments and plans 49 national parks and 10 national botanical gardens by 2035, the Dabie Mountain five-needle pine offers both a warning and a template for the many threatened gymnosperms facing the same predicament.

Subject of Research: Conservation status and effectiveness assessment of the endangered conifer Pinus dabeshanensis in the Dabie Mountains of China

Article Title: Threatened Conifers Need Targeted and Integrated Conservation: A Case Study of Pinus dabeshanensis

Article References: Xu, Y., Tan, C., Ferguson, D. K., & Yang, Y. (2026). Threatened Conifers Need Targeted and Integrated Conservation: A Case Study of Pinus dabeshanensis. Ecology and Evolution, 16(10), Article e74580. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.74580

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.1002/ece3.74580

Keywords: Pinus dabeshanensis, conifer conservation, endangered species, Dabie Mountains, reintroduction, ex-situ conservation, habitat management, genetic diversity, nature reserves, China biodiversity, population decline, gymnosperms