Micropsalliota latiumbonata is a very small mushroom, with caps measuring just 10 to 18 millimeters across. Its name refers to its broadly umbonate cap center, a raised disc that crowns a surface covered in reddish-brown to dark reddish-brown fibrils arranged in recurved squamules. The species fruits gregariously on the soil of termite mounds built by the termite Macrotermes subhyalinus, which constructs large earthen structures across the Dhofar landscape.

Its basidiospores measure 6.0 to 7.0 by 4.0 to 4.5 micrometers, broadly fusiform with a truncate apex, and the fungus lacks clamp connections in all tissues. Micropsalliota striata, by contrast, bears an acute papillate cap disc rather than a broad umbo, and its cap margins are finely striate and appendiculate, giving the species its name. Its fibrils are appressed and pinkish to light brown, sparser toward the margins than the dense, recurved fibrils of its new congener.

Its basidiospores are slightly larger, at 6.5 to 7.5 by 3.7 to 4.1 micrometers, oblong to broadly fusiform in face view. The fieldwork behind the discovery took place in August and September 2025 at three sites near Salalah: Ain Athum, Ashwur, and Qashrub. The researchers photographed the fruiting bodies in their natural habitat, recorded macromorphological features including size, shape, and color according to Munsell Soil Color Charts, and then dried the specimens at 45 degrees Celsius in a fruit dehydrator before sealing them in zipper bags and storing them at minus 80 degrees Celsius for two weeks to eliminate any insect eggs or larvae.

The preserved materials were deposited in the Fungal Collections at the Center for Environmental Studies and Research at Sultan Qaboos University in Oman, establishing permanent reference vouchers for the new taxa. Microscopic examination followed standard taxonomic protocols. Thin hand-cut sections from the pileus covering, the lamellae, and the stipe were mounted in 5 percent aqueous potassium hydroxide and stained with 1 percent Congo red to improve contrast.

Using a Nikon ECLIPSE Ni-U light microscope, the team measured spores, basidia, cheilocystidia, pleurocystidia, caulocystidia, and the structure of the pileipellis. Spore dimensions were reported with rigorous notation: for M. latiumbonata, 141 spores were measured across two basidiomata from two collections, with the range capturing at least 90 percent of observations and extreme values noted separately. The length-to-width ratio, expressed as the Q value, averaged 1.6 for M. latiumbonata and 1.7 for M. striata, quantifying the elongated proportions of the spores.

Sequencing produced new accessions for both species, including five collections of M. latiumbonata and one of M. striata. In BLAST similarity searches, the ITS sequence of M. latiumbonata showed its closest match, at 96.56 percent, to an undescribed Micropsalliota specimen from Oman, and 95.01 percent to M. appendiculata from Vietnam. The phylogenetic analysis assembled a combined dataset of ITS, 28S, rpb2, and tef1-alpha sequences spanning 112 specimens: 109 Micropsalliota samples representing 55 named species plus one unnamed species, and three outgroup taxa from the subfamily Agaricoideae, namely Agaricus arabiensis, Coniolepiota spongodes, and Hymenagaricus wadijarzeezicus.

These outgroups were chosen because they belong to a lineage phylogenetically distinct from Micropsalliota, making them suitable for rooting the tree. The final alignment was 3,310 characters long, comprising 1,875 constant sites, 980 informative sites, and 455 uninformative sites. The team aligned the sequences with MAFFT, refined them in BioEdit and ClustalX, and then ran two complementary tree-building approaches: maximum likelihood analysis in RAxML with 1,000 bootstrap replicates under a GTR+I+G model selected by the corrected Akaike information criterion, and Bayesian inference in MrBayes under a GTR+F+I+G4 model, running four Markov chains for one million generations each.

Both methods produced trees with similar topologies, recovering eleven major clades within Micropsalliota, each with strong to excellent statistical support, defined as bootstrap values of at least 70 percent and Bayesian posterior probabilities of at least 0.95. The two new species grouped together in Clade megaspora with support of 98 percent and 0.97 respectively. Species in this clade share small pilei with fibrillose-squamulose surfaces, brownish fibrils concentrated at the center, more or less umbonate discs, and ellipsoid to amygdaliform basidiospores with apical thickening.

The analysis also clarified the placement of recently described species: M. bispora fell within Clade furfuraceae, M. vulgaris within Clade cortinata, and M. rosea within Clade lateritia, while Clade bifida, the largest in the genus, grew to 26 species with the inclusion of M. pakistanica. Beyond the taxonomy itself, the study highlights an intriguing ecological pattern. Four of the five collections of M. latiumbonata were found fruiting on termite mounds, and the authors note that no Micropsalliota species has previously been recorded from such a substrate.

Termite mounds, rich in moisture and nutrients, have recently yielded four species of the genus Hymenagaricus in Dhofar, and other mushroom genera including Agaricus, Lepiota, Leucocoprinus, Xanthagaricus, Conocybe, and Clitopilus have been encountered on the mounds as well. Whether these fungi are merely opportunistic colonizers of a favorable microhabitat or maintain a deeper ecological association with the termites remains an open question, and the researchers call for further investigation. What is already clear is that the monsoon-fed landscapes of southern Oman, where a single termite species engineers vast mounds across the terrain, harbor a mushroom fauna still being written into the scientific record one species at a time.

Subject of Research: Taxonomy and multigene phylogeny of two new Micropsalliota mushroom species from Dhofar, southern Oman

Article Title: Morphology and multigene phylogeny reveal two new species of Micropsalliota ( Agaricaceae , Basidiomycota ) from Dhofar region, southern Oman

Article References: Al-Nadabi, H., Hussain, S., Al Sidairi, A., Al-Zeidi, K., Al-Raeesi, A., Al-Badi, R., Al-Rashdi, L., Al-Jashmi, J., Velazhahan, R., & Al-Sadi, A. M. (2026). Morphology and multigene phylogeny reveal two new species of Micropsalliota (Agaricaceae, Basidiomycota) from Dhofar region, southern Oman. MycoKeys, 137, 317-336. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.137.192271

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.137.192271

Keywords: Micropsalliota, new species, taxonomy, phylogenetics, Agaricaceae, Oman, Dhofar, mycology, termite mounds, monsoon, ITS, basidiomycetes

The evidence assembled by the team ranges from the charming to the downright bizarre. Consider the Hoffmann’s two-toed sloth, whose shaggy coat hosts a miniature ecosystem. Sloth moths live out their lives in the animal’s fur, and their activities help cultivate algae that grow in the sloth’s hair — algae the sloth then eats, supplementing its otherwise meadow-sparse diet of leaves. In this sense, the sloth is not merely tolerating its insect tenants; it is actively farming them, or at least farming the garden they fertilize. Remove the moths, and the sloth loses both a nutrient source and a living camouflage that helps it vanish into the canopy.

Other examples reveal insects serving as tools, infrastructure, and even medicine. Chimpanzees have been observed applying insects to open wounds, a behavior that appears to help sterilize injuries and may represent a form of self-medication. Herons, meanwhile, have turned insects into fishing equipment, using them as bait to lure fish within striking distance. Birds and reptiles lay their eggs inside termite mounds, exploiting the structures’ remarkably stable internal temperatures as natural incubators. In arid environments, some desert frogs take refuge inside ant nests, where the humidity offers a buffer against desiccation in landscapes where water is the scarcest resource of all.

“Insects are sometimes called the ‘little things that run the world’ because they are so important to life on Earth,” said Grames, the paper’s co-lead author. “We often hear about their importance as pollinators, or decomposers, or food for insectivores like birds and bats, but we forget about all the other things they do for us and for other species.” That observation captures the review’s core ambition: to move beyond the well-worn categories of pollination and predation and catalog the full breadth of insect-vertebrate relationships, many of which fall through the cracks of conventional ecological research.

The project was a genuinely international undertaking, with authors drawn from eight countries. Alongside Grames, the review was co-led by Rob Cooke, an ecological modeler at the UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, and Chris Elphick, professor of ecology and evolutionary biology at the University of Connecticut. Additional Binghamton contributors included Lindsey Swierk, assistant professor of biological sciences, and biological sciences alumni Julianna Yager and Suyeon Jang. In a fitting touch, Jang — an undergraduate with a painting minor — created the paper’s main illustration as an independent study project, translating the review’s scientific breadth into a single visual statement.

The effort traces its origins to 2022, when researchers established the Status of Insects: An International Research Coordination Network, an initiative funded by the National Science Foundation. The network emerged directly from Grames’ doctoral work in Elphick’s laboratory, and it was designed to confront a persistent problem in entomology and ecology more broadly: the literature on insect-vertebrate interactions is scattered across hundreds of individual studies, each examining a narrow slice of the picture. By consolidating that dispersed evidence into a single synthesis, the review offers the most comprehensive account yet of how deeply vertebrate life is woven into the fabric of insect diversity.

The scale of that dependence is difficult to overstate. There are an estimated 14 to 30 million species of insects on Earth, and they underpin the health and function of ecosystems on nearly every continent. They feed species ranging from hummingbirds, whose metabolisms demand near-constant refueling, to grizzly bears, which gorge on moths and other insects during critical seasons. Insects also enable other food sources indirectly through pollination, and they produce substances — honeydew, honey, and wax among them — that are themselves consumed by other species. For many vertebrates, insect abundance is not a background condition but a calendar: a variety of species time their breeding seasons to coincide with seasonal pulses of insect availability, synchronizing reproduction with the brief windows when their young can be fed.

The review also documents subtler forms of dependence that border on engineering. Birds incorporate spider and insect silk into their nests, taking advantage of materials with tensile properties that few natural substances can match. Some birds go further, deliberately situating their nests near stinging insects such as wasps, recruiting the colony’s venomous defenses as a security system against predators. More than 200 bird species use crushed ants for grooming — a behavior known as anting, in which the birds rub ants over their plumage, likely benefiting from the insects’ chemical secretions. And the relationship between insects and nesting vertebrates stretches deep into the past: insects once lived inside dinosaur nests, cleaning them out, and according to Grames, they still perform that sanitation service today in the nests of some owls and kingfishers.

Yet for all this richness, the scientific literature has a conspicuous blind spot. Few studies consider how insect population declines affect vertebrate species beyond the most obvious channel — a shrinking food supply. That narrow framing, the authors argue, dramatically understates the risk. If insects disappear, vertebrates lose not only calories but nesting materials, incubators, medicines, sanitation services, climate refuges, and the ecological timing cues that structure their reproductive cycles. Some insect populations have experienced alarming declines in recent decades, and those losses will ultimately propagate through the vertebrate communities that depend on them in ways that current research has barely begun to measure.

The numbers behind that warning are stark. “We’re losing insects at a rate of about 1-2% per year,” Grames said. “When you scale that up across a few decades, we’re talking about a major change to ecosystems. Insect conservation should be a top priority for anyone worried about the future of biodiversity.” A decline of even one to two percent annually, compounded over half a century, translates into a transformation of insect communities on a scale that has no precedent in recent ecological memory. Elphick, an ornithologist by training, framed the implication as a call for scientific bridge-building: he hopes the review will foster increased collaboration between scientists who study vertebrates and those who study insects. “If you want to have vertebrates, then you’ve got to be thinking about insect conservation, and we don’t do that nearly enough,” he said. In an era when conservation planning is often organized around charismatic vertebrates and their habitats, the review’s synthesis delivers a pointed reminder that the fates of sloths, songbirds, chimpanzees, and frogs are entangled with creatures small enough to escape notice — and that protecting the little things that run the world may be the surest way to protect everything that runs on them.

Subject of Research: The diverse roles of insect biodiversity in supporting vertebrate species

Article Title: Insects are essential to vertebrate life — as food, shelter and medicine

Article References: Insects are essential to vertebrate life — as food, shelter and medicine. (n.d.). Original publication

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: Not provided

Keywords: insects, vertebrates, biodiversity, conservation, sloths, entomology, ecology, insect decline, termite mounds, chimpanzees, Nature Reviews Biodiversity, ecosystems