The study, conducted by a team of nursing researchers at Fujian Medical University and published in BMC Geriatrics, recruited 111 older inpatients with chronic diseases who were being discharged from two tertiary hospitals in Fuzhou in August 2024. Participants were randomly assigned in equal measure to either an intervention group of 56 patients or a control group of 55 who received routine care. The trial, registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry in April 2024, was designed to test a program the researchers call Participation for Medication Safety, or PFMS—an intervention grounded in a well-established framework of behavioral science rather than in simple information delivery.

That behavioral foundation matters. The program was constructed using the Behavior Change Wheel and its COM-B model, which holds that any behavior—in this case, an older patient’s active engagement in checking and managing medications—requires three ingredients: capability, opportunity, and motivation. Rather than assuming that patients will follow instructions simply because they received them, the PFMS program deliberately builds each of these components. Specific behavior change techniques were mapped onto the transition period, the window in which the evidence base shows most medication errors are born.

The intervention itself unfolded in two phases. Before discharge, each patient in the intervention group received two one-on-one, face-to-face sessions lasting thirty to sixty minutes each. The first focused on a systematic review of medication discrepancies—comparing what the patient had actually been taking at home against newly prescribed regimens to surface duplications, omissions, and dose changes. The second used teach-back education, a technique in which patients must explain their medication plan in their own words until they can do so accurately, ensuring comprehension rather than mere exposure to information.

After discharge, the support continued remotely. Over the following six weeks, patients received six weekly sessions of motivational interviewing delivered by video call through WeChat, each lasting ten to twenty minutes. Motivational interviewing is a conversational technique that draws out a person’s own reasons for change rather than lecturing them, and its use here reflects a deliberate choice to treat older patients as partners in safety rather than passive recipients of care. The low-tech delivery—a video call on an app already ubiquitous in China—also means the model could be scaled without expensive infrastructure.

The results, analyzed using Generalized Linear Mixed Models under the intention-to-treat principle, were striking. At three months after discharge, patients in the intervention group scored significantly higher on measures of participation in medication safety, with a beta coefficient of 15.461 and a confidence interval running from 10.631 to 20.292, well clear of zero. Health literacy also rose significantly, with a beta of 7.053. Most dramatically, the odds of experiencing a medication discrepancy were reduced by 87 percent, with an odds ratio of 0.128—meaning patients who went through the program were roughly one-eighth as likely to have a mismatch between what was prescribed and what they actually took.

Not every effect endured. The program produced statistically significant group-level improvements in self-efficacy and in perceived healthcare provider support, but between-group differences on those two outcomes appeared only at the six-week mark, at the end of the intervention, and had faded by three months. The authors are candid about this: the motivational engine that the weekly calls provided seems to have sustained confidence and perceived support while the contact lasted, but without reinforcement those psychological gains eroded. The core behavioral outcomes—participation, health literacy, and above all the absence of medication discrepancies—nevertheless held firm at three months, suggesting that the skills patients learned outlasted the sessions themselves.

Why does this matter so much? Medication discrepancies at care transitions are among the most common and preventable causes of harm in older adults. When a patient leaves the hospital with a changed regimen but continues taking old pills from a home cabinet, or misunderstands a new dose, the consequences range from undertreated illness to emergency readmission. Older adults with multiple chronic conditions are especially vulnerable, often juggling numerous medications prescribed by different specialists. The trial’s findings point to a deceptively simple insight: the most effective safeguard is not another pharmacist checking another chart, but the patient—properly equipped and motivated—checking for themselves.

The study has limits worth noting. It was conducted in two tertiary hospitals in a single Chinese city, and 92 of the 111 participants completed follow-up, leaving some room for attrition effects. The intervention required trained staff to deliver face-to-face sessions and weekly video calls, which carries resource implications for health systems considering adoption. And while the three-month follow-up demonstrates durability for the primary outcomes, longer-term persistence remains untested. Still, the effect size on medication discrepancies is large enough that even partial replication in other settings would represent a meaningful advance for geriatric care.

The broader lesson reaches beyond geriatrics. The trial demonstrates that behavioral science frameworks—capability, opportunity, motivation—can be operationalized into a practical, low-cost clinical program with measurable safety benefits, and that patient participation should be treated as a clinical intervention in its own right rather than a soft aspiration. As health systems worldwide grapple with aging populations and revolving-door readmissions, the Fuzhou experiment offers a template: teach patients to question, verify, and own their medication lists before they leave the hospital, keep the conversation going for six weeks afterward, and let the patient become the final, most reliable checkpoint in the medication safety chain.

Subject of Research: A randomized controlled trial of a patient participation program to improve medication safety during the hospital-to-home transition for older adults with chronic diseases.

Article Title: Enhancing older adults’ participation in medication safety during the hospital-to-home transition: a randomized controlled trial

Article References: Xu, W., Lai, H., Ren, Y., Yang, Y., Zhang, S., Lin, X., Chen, S., Liu, Y., He, H., Huang, S., & Lin, T. (2026). Enhancing older adults’ participation in medication safety during the hospital-to-home transition: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Geriatrics. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-026-08306-9

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.1186/s12877-026-08306-9

Keywords: medication safety, older adults, hospital-to-home transition, randomized controlled trial, patient participation, health literacy, motivational interviewing, teach-back education, medication discrepancies, chronic disease, geriatrics, nursing research