The research team, led by Fatema Tuz Zahura Aalpona and colleagues, screened more than 13,000 records from databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, ultimately pooling 42 studies encompassing 5,363 women with PCOS, of whom 3,078 had overweight or obesity and 2,285 were lean or of normal weight. The review followed Cochrane Handbook procedures and the PRISMA 2020 reporting checklist, was prospectively registered with PROSPERO, and applied the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal checklist to assess methodological quality. Most of the included studies were cross-sectional investigations conducted in endocrinology and gynecology clinics across South and West Asia, the Middle East, Europe, Africa, and North America, with participants predominantly diagnosed using the revised Rotterdam criteria, which require at least two of three features: clinical or biochemical hyperandrogenism, ovulatory dysfunction, and polycystic ovarian morphology on ultrasound.

The statistical approach used random-effects inverse-variance meta-analysis, reporting mean differences for continuous variables and risk ratios for dichotomous outcomes, each with 95 percent confidence intervals. Heterogeneity was quantified with the I-squared statistic, and exploratory subgroup analyses stratified results by the body mass index cutoff used to define obesity, by geographic region, and by diagnostic criteria. That heterogeneity proved to be one of the study’s defining challenges: BMI thresholds across the included studies ranged from 23 to 30 kilograms per square meter, reflecting both Asian-specific and World Health Organization classification systems, and laboratory methods for hormones and lipids varied widely. The authors are careful to frame their pooled estimates as directional associations rather than precise causal effect sizes, a caveat that matters given the observational, largely cross-sectional design of the underlying evidence.

The headline findings on the reproductive front are striking. Menstrual irregularity affected 84.7 percent of obese women with PCOS compared with 70.9 percent of lean women, a pooled risk ratio of 1.19. Hirsutism was more prevalent in the obese group at 65.9 percent versus 58.8 percent, and acne followed the same pattern at 44.9 percent versus 36.8 percent. Biochemical hyperandrogenism, defined by each study’s thresholds for elevated total testosterone, was roughly one and a half times more common in obese patients. Total testosterone concentrations themselves were significantly higher in the obese group, with a pooled mean difference of 10.66 nanograms per deciliter, though this signal was strongest in Asian cohorts and in studies applying Rotterdam criteria. Interestingly, the modified Ferriman–Gallwey score, the standard continuous measure of hirsutism severity, did not differ significantly between phenotypes, a discrepancy the authors attribute to variable diagnostic cutoffs, cultural differences in hair scoring, and the dichotomization of continuous data.

Perhaps the most visually and clinically telling result involved acanthosis nigricans, the velvety dark skin thickening that signals chronic hyperinsulinemia. Its prevalence was nearly twofold higher in obese women with PCOS, at 52.7 percent versus 22.6 percent, and uniquely among the pooled outcomes, this estimate carried zero statistical heterogeneity, meaning the association was remarkably consistent across all 15 contributing studies. The authors highlight this as a readily identifiable bedside marker of metabolic risk, one that clinicians can spot without a single laboratory test. For a condition where insulin resistance sits at the center of the pathophysiological cascade, driving ovarian androgen production, suppressing sex hormone–binding globulin, and disrupting hypothalamic–pituitary–ovarian signaling, that kind of consistent external marker is a genuinely useful clinical tool.

The cardiometabolic picture is where the phenotypic divide becomes starkest. Obese women with PCOS showed systolic blood pressure readings averaging 8.19 millimeters of mercury higher and diastolic readings 6.17 millimeters higher than their lean counterparts, and hypertension itself was more than twice as prevalent, at 14.2 percent versus 5.8 percent. The homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, HOMA-IR, was significantly elevated in the obese group across every BMI cutoff, every continent, and every diagnostic framework examined. Fasting plasma glucose ran 5.12 milligrams per deciliter higher, and two-hour post-challenge glucose 9.91 milligrams per deciliter higher. Prediabetes affected 25.3 percent of obese women versus 12.1 percent of lean women, and overt diabetes was nearly three times as common, at 8.6 percent versus 2.7 percent, with both glycemic outcomes showing zero heterogeneity, indicating extraordinary consistency across the evidence base.

Lipid profiles told a parallel story of adiposity-driven deterioration. Total cholesterol was 14.30 milligrams per deciliter higher, triglycerides 27.73 milligrams per deciliter higher, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol 12.02 milligrams per deciliter higher in obese women, while high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, the protective fraction, was 4.75 milligrams per deciliter lower. Yet when the authors pooled categorically defined dyslipidemia, the difference between phenotypes lost statistical significance, likely because only four studies contributed to that outcome and their definitions varied. The single most dramatic disparity was metabolic syndrome: 51.2 percent of obese women with PCOS met criteria compared with just 11.9 percent of lean women, a risk ratio of 3.59. That figure alone reframes obesity in PCOS not as a cosmetic concern but as a multiplier of long-term cardiovascular threat.

But the study’s most important message may be what it says about lean women with PCOS. Despite lower average burdens across nearly every outcome, more than two-thirds of lean patients experienced menstrual irregularity, over half had hirsutism, more than a third had acne, and meaningful proportions showed insulin resistance, prediabetes, diabetes, and even metabolic syndrome. The authors argue that lean PCOS likely arises from intrinsic neuroendocrine mechanisms, including increased gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulse frequency and luteinizing hormone secretion, altered ovarian steroidogenesis, genetic susceptibility, and possibly visceral or ectopic adiposity that body mass index fails to capture. In other words, a normal weight does not equate to a benign phenotype, and anthropometry alone cannot reliably identify which patients face clinically meaningful metabolic risk.

The clinical implications flow directly from these data. For women with obesity and PCOS, the findings support routine, structured evaluation of blood pressure, glycemia, and lipids, alongside lifestyle management, anti-obesity pharmacotherapy where appropriate, and metabolic surgery in selected individuals, consistent with international guidance. For lean patients, the message is equally clear: normal body weight should never preclude metabolic assessment, and counseling should prioritize sustainable eating, physical activity, and prevention of weight gain and central adiposity rather than weight loss per se. The authors acknowledge their limitations honestly, including residual confounding, small-study effects suggested by funnel plot asymmetry for several outcomes, limited generalizability beyond South and West Asian specialist centers, and the absence of long-term cardiovascular follow-up. They call for prospective, age-stratified cohorts with standardized definitions, harmonized androgen assays including free testosterone and sex hormone–binding globulin, and investigation of visceral adiposity and hepatic steatosis. What emerges is a vision of PCOS as a spectrum disorder, in which adiposity acts as a powerful amplifier of an underlying endocrine vulnerability, and in which every patient, regardless of dress size, deserves the same vigilance toward the silent metabolic risks that shadow the syndrome throughout life.

Subject of Research: Comparison of clinical, metabolic, and hormonal profiles between obese and lean women with polycystic ovary syndrome

Article Title: Comparison of Clinical, Metabolic, and Hormonal Profiles in Obese Versus Lean Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis

Article References: Aalpona, F. T. Z., Sarker, A., Nahar, L., Robel, M. A. B., & Kamrul‐Hasan, A. B. M. (2026). Comparison of Clinical, Metabolic, and Hormonal Profiles in Obese Versus Lean Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis. Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, 9(6), Article e70350. https://doi.org/10.1002/edm2.70350

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.1002/edm2.70350

Keywords: PCOS, obesity, lean PCOS, insulin resistance, hyperandrogenism, meta-analysis, metabolic syndrome, testosterone, diabetes, dyslipidemia, menstrual irregularity, Rotterdam criteria