Victoria Blue B is a cationic dye used extensively in textile, leather, and printing industries, and it presents a serious environmental challenge. Even trace quantities below one milligram per liter can impart intense coloration to water, blocking light penetration and suppressing photosynthesis in aquatic plants. The dye resists degradation by heat, light, and microbial activity, allowing it to persist and accumulate in natural water bodies. Prolonged exposure has been linked to skin allergies, respiratory irritation, gastrointestinal disturbances, and mutagenic and cytotoxic effects, making its removal from wastewater a priority for both public health and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 6 on clean water and sanitation.

Conventional treatment options each carry significant drawbacks. Membrane filtration is effective but expensive and prone to fouling, coagulation and flocculation generate large volumes of chemical sludge, electrodialysis demands high energy input, photocatalytic degradation often requires ultraviolet light and catalysts that lose activity over time, and bioremediation is hampered by the toxicity of the dyes themselves, which inhibit microbial growth. Adsorption has long been viewed as the most practical alternative, offering high efficiency, operational simplicity, and the possibility of regenerating and reusing the adsorbent, but the performance of the material doing the adsorbing is the decisive factor.

The novelty of the new work lies in the deliberate construction of a cooperative surface in which carbon, metal borates, and metal oxides coexist within a single hybrid architecture. The researchers synthesized two materials using the Pechini sol-gel route, a polymeric complexation method in which tartaric acid chelates magnesium, strontium, and lead ions while its hydroxyl groups form boron-tartrate complexes with boric acid through B-O linkages. Polyethylene glycol 400 acts as a polymerizing agent, creating an extended organic network that locks the metal complexes into molecular-scale uniformity. When the dried gel is calcined, the organic matrix decomposes to yield intimately mixed inorganic phases, and depending on the temperature, a portion of the carbonaceous material is retained.

Calcination at 500 degrees Celsius produced a material designated MSPB500, composed of MgSrB2O5, PbB2O4, and SrB2O4 phases embedded in a carbon-rich matrix, while treatment at 700 degrees Celsius yielded MSPB700, containing additional SrPbO3, Pb3O4, and Mg2B2O5 phases with far less carbon. X-ray diffraction confirmed the targeted phase assemblages and gave mean crystallite sizes of 57.89 nanometers for MSPB500 and 74.47 nanometers for MSPB700. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy revealed sheet-like and flake-like features for MSPB500 with a mean particle size of 59.34 nanometers, compared with denser spherical and oval aggregates averaging 160.72 nanometers for MSPB700. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy confirmed the presence of carbon, boron, magnesium, oxygen, strontium, and lead, with carbon contents of 18.5 weight percent for MSPB500 against just 4.7 percent for MSPB700.

Those structural differences translated directly into adsorption performance. MSPB500 offered a BET surface area of 6.87 square meters per gram and a total pore volume of 0.07653 cubic centimeters per gram, substantially higher than the 2.35 square meters per gram and 0.04263 cubic centimeters per gram measured for MSPB700. Under optimal conditions of pH 10 and 298 kelvin, MSPB500 achieved a maximum adsorption capacity of 369.00 milligrams per gram and a removal efficiency of 96.22 percent, reaching equilibrium within 60 minutes. MSPB700 reached a capacity of 282.49 milligrams per gram and 72.21 percent removal, equilibrating in 80 minutes. Both figures compare favorably with earlier Victoria Blue B adsorbents such as zinc oxide nanoparticles at 163.00 milligrams per gram, MCM-41 silica at 192.30 milligrams per gram, and activated carbon at 92.78 milligrams per gram.

The mechanism behind the uptake is pH-governed electrostatic attraction. The point of zero charge was measured at approximately 7.3 for MSPB500 and 8.5 for MSPB700, meaning that at pH 10 both surfaces carry a net negative charge that strongly attracts the positively charged dye molecules. Because pH 10 lies further above the point of zero charge for MSPB500, its surface is more strongly negative, which helps explain its superior performance. The borate-rich phases provide a high density of polar, non-bridging B-O oxygen sites, while the retained carbon domains contribute pi-pi interaction sites that bind the aromatic structure of the dye. Infrared spectroscopy confirmed dye loading through the appearance of characteristic C-N and aromatic C=C bands after adsorption, and elemental analysis detected nitrogen, absent from the pristine material, on the dye-loaded surface.

Kinetic and thermodynamic analyses painted a consistent picture of predominantly physical adsorption. The data followed the pseudo-first-order model with correlation coefficients of 0.9999 for both materials, and equilibrium fit the Langmuir isotherm, indicating monolayer uptake on energetically uniform sites. Adsorption was exothermic and spontaneous, with removal efficiency declining as temperature rose from 298 to 328 kelvin. Importantly, inductively coupled plasma analysis of post-adsorption filtrates detected no leaching of lead, strontium, or magnesium ions, confirming that the metals are locked into stable crystalline borate and oxide phases and that treated water is not secondarily contaminated. The materials also tolerated moderate ionic strength and outperformed expectations in the presence of competing ions, although the cationic dye crystal violet competed strongly for adsorption sites.

Practical reusability was demonstrated over five consecutive adsorption-desorption cycles using hydrochloric acid as the eluting agent. Nearly complete desorption was achieved at 2 molar acid concentration, and after five cycles MSPB500 still removed 86.64 percent of the dye while MSPB700 managed 59.79 percent. X-ray diffraction of the regenerated MSPB500 showed no significant changes in peak positions or intensities, indicating that the crystalline structure survived repeated regeneration. The team also tested the materials on real laboratory wastewater from Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, spiked with Victoria Blue B to 250 milligrams per liter. Despite a complex ionic background including sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, sulfate, bicarbonate, nitrate, and phosphate, MSPB500 still achieved a capacity of 341.85 milligrams per gram and MSPB700 reached 259.62 milligrams per gram, only modestly below their deionized-water performance.

The researchers argue that the key innovation is not any single component but the synergy created when multiple borate and oxide phases operate in parallel with carbon-derived adsorption domains, multiplying the population of accessible active sites. They note that the Pechini route offers better control over stoichiometry, particle size, and elemental distribution than conventional solid-state, co-precipitation, combustion, or hydrothermal methods, and it requires no high-pressure equipment. Future work will evaluate the nanohybrids in additional real wastewater streams, run continuous-flow fixed-bed column tests to assess scale-up feasibility, and systematically tune thermal treatment conditions to correlate phase and textural evolution with long-term regeneration stability. If those steps succeed, the multiphase carbon-borate-oxide design could offer a robust, regenerable, and comparatively simple route to cleaner industrial effluents.

Subject of Research: Development of Pechini-derived carbon, metal borate, and metal oxide nanocomposites for adsorptive removal of Victoria Blue B dye from water

Article Title: Efficient removal of Victoria Blue B dye from water using novel nanocomposites based on carbon, metal borates, and metal oxides

Article References: Al-Kadhi, N. S., Abdelrahman, E. A., & Aljlil, S. A. (2026). Efficient removal of Victoria Blue B dye from water using novel nanocomposites based on carbon, metal borates, and metal oxides. Journal of Saudi Chemical Society, 30(4), Article 58. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44442-026-00110-9

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.1007/s44442-026-00110-9

Keywords: Victoria Blue B, dye removal, nanocomposites, adsorption, Pechini sol-gel, metal borates, water treatment, wastewater treatment, Langmuir isotherm, pseudo-first-order kinetics, reusability, carbon nanohybrids

The foundation of this innovation lies in the engineering of artificial symbiotic granules, which are essentially bioengineered microbial aggregates composed of symbiotic microorganisms. These granules are designed to mimic and enhance natural microbial consortia found in aquatic ecosystems. By creating a microenvironment where distinct microbial species coexist and collaborate, these granules optimize biochemical reactions that remove pollutants from water while concurrently mitigating the release of methane—a potent greenhouse gas primarily responsible for accelerating global warming.

At its core, the development taps into the innate metabolic versatility of microbial communities. Microbes are nature’s adept chemists, capable of breaking down complex organic pollutants and transforming harmful substances into innocuous byproducts. In natural settings, however, the lack of efficient interaction between different microbial groups often limits the efficacy of pollutant degradation and methane consumption. The engineered symbiotic granules overcome this bottleneck by physically and functionally uniting complementary microbial species, thereby fostering an environment in which pollutant degradation and methane oxidation can occur in seamless concert.

Central to these granules are methanotrophic bacteria and heterotrophic microbes working in close proximity. Methanotrophs specialize in oxidizing methane, converting it from a gaseous form into carbon dioxide—a considerably less potent greenhouse gas—through complex enzymatic pathways involving methane monooxygenase enzymes. Meanwhile, heterotrophic bacteria degrade organic contaminants in water, mineralizing organic pollutants into stable components. The juxtaposition of these two functional groups within a single granule enhances electron transfer and metabolite exchange, creating a feedback loop that sustains high microbial activity and improves overall purification efficiency.

Technically, the granules exhibit structural stability in aquatic systems, maintaining their integrity under varying hydrodynamic shear forces, which is crucial for practical deployment in wastewater treatment plants or contaminated natural water bodies. Their granular form allows easier separation after treatment processes, reducing operational costs and environmental footprints. Moreover, these granules are engineered to possess surface characteristics optimizing substrate affinity and microbial colonization—a design achieved through advanced techniques in materials science coupled with microbial ecology principles.

Analytical assessments of the granules reveal impressive performance metrics. In pilot-scale trials, the symbiotic granules consistently reduced chemical oxygen demand (COD) and nutrient concentrations, such as nitrogen and phosphorus compounds, to levels well below environmental safety thresholds. Simultaneously, methane emissions associated with anaerobic degradation processes dropped dramatically, indicating robust bio-oxidation activity within the granules. These results underscore the potential of this technology to transform methane-rich wastewater management by converting liabilities into environmental assets.

The environmental implications resonate strongly in the narrative of climate change mitigation. Methane possesses a global warming potential approximately 28-36 times that of carbon dioxide over a 100-year period, making its reduction a top priority for climate policy and industrial practices. By embedding methanotrophic activity into water purification infrastructures, artificial symbiotic granules provide a dual-function system that tackles methane at its source, minimizing emissions and delivering high-quality effluent in parallel. This integrative approach is a bold stride away from traditional single-focus treatments that often neglect the interconnectedness of pollutant dynamics and greenhouse gas fluxes.

From a mechanistic perspective, the study delves into the interspecies electron transfer mechanisms facilitated by conductive pili and extracellular polymeric substances within the granules. These biological conduits enhance metabolic cooperation by enabling direct electron flow between methanotrophs and heterotrophs, reducing reliance on soluble electron carriers that can diffuse away and cause inefficiencies. The precise orchestration of these microbial interactions illuminates new pathways for bioengineering complex microbial systems with enhanced functional outcomes.

Further genomic and proteomic analysis reveals adaptive regulatory networks within the microbial consortia that respond dynamically to variations in pollutant loads and environmental stressors. Such plasticity is vital for maintaining system resilience during fluctuating operational conditions, ensuring sustained performance over extended periods. These insights not only advance our understanding of microbial ecology but also open avenues for the development of customizable granules tailored to diverse contamination profiles and climatic regimes.

A remarkable feature of these artificial symbiotic granules is their capacity for self-regeneration and growth within treatment environments. Unlike inert filtration media, these living aggregates adapt and propagate, reducing the need for frequent replacement or replenishment. This biological self-sustainability translates into long-term operational savings and minimizes secondary pollution issues associated with chemical regenerants or physical media disposal.

The implications for global water treatment infrastructures are profound. Traditional wastewater treatment facilities often grapple with the challenge of simultaneously removing pollutants and controlling methane emissions, with most solutions addressing either issue in isolation. Integrating artificial symbiotic granules into existing setups can significantly upgrade system efficacy without the need for extensive retrofitting, offering a scalable, cost-effective pathway toward greener industrial practices and improved regulatory compliance.

Beyond wastewater treatment, the technology holds promise for applications in natural water systems experiencing eutrophication and hypoxia due to anthropogenic stress. The finely tuned microbial interactions and pollutant degradation pathways within the granules could restore aquatic ecosystem health by curbing nutrient loads and suppressing methane bubble formation that exacerbates oxygen depletion.

Underlying this breakthrough is a multidisciplinary synergy involving environmental microbiology, materials science, bioengineering, and ecological modeling. The collaborative effort exemplifies the power of cross-sectoral innovation in crafting solutions that are biologically inspired, technically feasible, and environmentally impactful. As research progresses, refining the granule design to incorporate additional microbial functions—such as pathogen degradation or heavy metal sequestration—could further enhance their utility across a broader spectrum of environmental challenges.

Looking forward, field demonstrations and lifecycle assessments will be critical to validate the performance and sustainability credentials of artificial symbiotic granules at scale. Engaging with policymakers, industry stakeholders, and local communities will facilitate technology adoption and ensure alignment with diverse socio-economic contexts. Furthermore, integrating digital monitoring systems could enable real-time tracking of granule health and treatment efficacy, ushering in a new era of smart bioremediation platforms.

This pioneering work showcases how leveraging microbial symbioses can yield transformative advances in environmental technology. By harmonizing pollutant breakdown with greenhouse gas mitigation, artificial symbiotic granules offer an elegant, nature-inspired blueprint for sustainable water management and climate action. Their emergence signals a hopeful trajectory toward cleaner water bodies and a stabilized atmosphere—imperatives for a resilient planet and a thriving future.

Subject of Research: Artificial symbiotic granules for combined water purification and methane mitigation.

Article Title: Artificial symbiotic granules drive synergistic water purification and methane mitigation.

Article References: Yu, H., Li, J., Kang, Y. et al. Artificial symbiotic granules drive synergistic water purification and methane mitigation. Commun Earth Environ (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-026-03594-w

Image Credits: AI Generated

The study, conducted by an expert team led by A. Kumar, S. Rana, and P. Dhiman, explores the mechanisms behind photocatalysis and its potential to revolutionize our approach to wastewater management. Photocatalysis employs light to activate a catalyst, which then triggers chemical reactions that decompose organic pollutants and pathogens. This process not only purifies water but also has implications for energy efficiency and sustainability in treatment methods.

Nanofiltration, on the other hand, represents a sophisticated technique that utilizes membrane technology to remove contaminants on a molecular level. This filtration method is adept at targeting small solutes, including dissolved organic matter and certain ions, making it invaluable for ensuring the quality of treated water. When combined with photocatalysis, it ensures that treated water is not only free from larger particles but also purified of residual chemical species that may evade conventional cleaning processes.

The integration of photocatalysis and nanofiltration can create a synergistic effect that streamlines wastewater treatment and enhances the overall efficiency of the process. By employing light-activated catalysts, the newly purified water can further undergo nanofiltration, effectively eliminating any remnants of organic or inorganic contaminants. This double-barrier approach raises the bar for water purity and sets a new standard in environmental engineering.

The research emphasizes the importance of finding sustainable alternatives to current wastewater treatment methods, which often rely on chemical additives. These can potentially harm ecosystems and human health if they leach into the environment. Combining photocatalysis and nanofiltration allows for an eco-friendly approach, minimizing additives and highlighting the role of natural processes in achieving water purification.

Real-world applications of these technologies are incredibly promising. Industries such as textiles, pharmaceuticals, and food processing, notorious for generating wastewater laden with harmful substances, could greatly benefit from this integrated approach. By adopting these innovative methods, such industries can not only comply with stringent environmental regulations but also enhance their sustainability profiles, potentially attracting eco-conscious consumers.

Moreover, the potential economic benefits are notable. Investing in advanced wastewater treatment technologies like photocatalysis and nanofiltration could lead to considerable cost savings in the long term. With reduced dependency on chemical treatments and a streamlined process, industries can lower operational expenses while maximizing recovery rates of valuable resources, such as water and energy.

As the world grapples with acute water scarcity, the integration of advanced treatment techniques becomes even more urgent. The interplay between photocatalysis and nanofiltration presents a pathway not only to cleaner wastewater but also to broader water conservation efforts. In regions where water is an increasingly precious commodity, such advanced methodologies could prove invaluable.

The researchers also underscore the necessity for ongoing studies to optimize the conditions under which photocatalysis and nanofiltration operate most effectively. Factors such as light intensity, catalyst type, and filtration membrane properties must be carefully evaluated to maximize efficiency. This ensures that the combined method can be tailored to meet specific industry needs without sacrificing performance.

In conclusion, the study by Kumar and his colleagues illuminates a forward-thinking approach to wastewater treatment by effectively marrying photocatalysis with nanofiltration. Through rigorous experimentation and analysis, they provide a roadmap for future research and practical applications. As the global community progresses toward sustainable water management, this innovative strategy offers hope and a tangible direction for overcoming one of the most pressing environmental challenges of our time.

The path to cleaner water is fraught with complexity, yet the advancements highlighted in this research signal a transformative shift towards more efficient and responsible wastewater management practices. As we await further developments, it is crucial for industries, regulators, and researchers alike to embrace these technologies and work collaboratively towards achieving a future where clean water is an accessible resource for all.

Finding solutions for wastewater treatment should remain a priority, especially in developing regions and among industries that impact the environment. This integrated approach serves not only as a technical advancement but also as a catalyst for meaningful change in societal perspectives on water usage and pollution. By prioritizing and investing in such technologies, we can ensure a legacy of sustainability for future generations.

Subject of Research: Integration of photocatalysis and nanofiltration for advanced wastewater treatment.

Article Title: Recent progress in integration of photocatalysis and nanofiltration for advanced wastewater treatment.

Article References:

Kumar, A., Rana, S., Dhiman, P. et al. Recent progress in integration of photocatalysis and nanofiltration for advanced wastewater treatment.
Front. Environ. Sci. Eng. 19, 150 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-025-2070-z

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 30 August 2025

Keywords: Photocatalysis, Nanofiltration, Wastewater Treatment, Environmental Engineering, Sustainability.

Reverse osmosis membranes are at the heart of modern desalination, wastewater treatment, and water reuse systems. Their role is critical in filtering out salts, pathogens, and other contaminants, transforming saline or polluted water into safe, potable water. The dominant technology employs polyamide membranes synthesized from amine monomers like m-phenylenediamine, which, despite their excellent performance, pose significant health risks due to their toxicity. This has fostered an urgent call within the scientific community to develop sustainable membrane materials that combine safety, efficacy, and scalability.

The innovation reported centers on an interfacial catalytic polymerization strategy, a technique that accelerates and finely controls the polymerization process at the interface of two immiscible phases. This method effectively overcomes the intrinsic limitations of nature-derived monomers, whose reactivity tends to lag behind synthetic amines. By employing a catalyst that enhances monomer diffusion and polymer chain growth concurrently, researchers have succeeded in producing homogeneous, defect-free polyester thin films amenable to reverse osmosis desalination.

Crucially, the polyester membranes synthesized through this interfacial catalytic polymerization exhibit outstanding desalination capabilities. The membranes demonstrate a sodium chloride rejection rate of 99.2%, an impressive figure that rivals and in some cases matches that of commercial commercial BW30 polyamide membranes, which have long set the industry benchmark. Additionally, these new membranes achieve a water flux rate of 31.7 liters per square meter per hour at a pressure of 15 bar, underscoring their high permeability and operational efficiency.

Apart from performance metrics, the environmental and health benefits are noteworthy. The elimination of toxic amines drastically reduces the risk of hazardous exposure during membrane manufacturing and use, making the process safer for workers and consumers alike. Moreover, the use of renewable, nature-derived phenol and alcohol monomers aligns with circular economy principles, potentially enabling membranes that are biodegradable or recyclable, thereby alleviating environmental burdens commonly associated with membrane disposal.

The approach also offers enhanced polymerization kinetics compared to conventional interfacial polymerization. This improvement stems from the catalytic system’s ability to modulate reaction rates and facilitate reactant diffusion across the interface, enabling precise thickness control and uniformity in the polyester thin films. Such control is paramount for tailoring membrane properties for various desalination contexts, from brackish water purification to seawater treatment.

Scaling these membranes from laboratory coupons to spiral-wound modules – the configuration used in practical desalination plants – demonstrated consistent performance, suggesting that this technology is ready for industrial-scale applications. Such scalability is often a roadblock for novel membrane materials, but the interfacial catalytic polymerization strategy appears both versatile and robust enough to support mass production.

The development of these sustainable polyester membranes represents a significant leap forward in membrane science, addressing a long-standing trade-off between membrane performance, safety, and environmental impact. It echoes a broader trend in materials science, where bio-based feedstocks and green chemistry techniques are paving the way for the next generation of functional materials.

Further, the research sets a precedent for exploiting nature-derived monomers in applications traditionally dominated by petroleum-based chemicals. Phenol and alcohol compounds, favored for their abundance and low toxicity, could usher in a new paradigm where membrane fabrication aligns with sustainability goals without compromising desalination efficacy.

Challenges remain, particularly in the long-term stability and fouling resistance of these new membranes under harsh operational conditions. Future investigations will undoubtedly explore these aspects, potentially integrating antifouling coatings or layering techniques to extend membrane lifespan and reduce maintenance burdens.

The catalytic polymerization pathway also opens opportunities for customized membrane chemistries. By tweaking monomer ratios, catalyst types, and process parameters, bespoke membranes tailored to specific feedwater qualities or contaminant profiles could be realized, enhancing process flexibility.

This technological breakthrough resonates strongly amidst global water scarcity challenges, where safe and affordable desalination methods are paramount. By combining high desalination performance with environmental safety and cost-effectiveness, these polyester thin film membranes could reshape the water treatment industry’s landscape.

Finally, the interdisciplinary nature of this advancement—melding catalysis, polymer chemistry, and membrane engineering—epitomizes the collaborative spirit necessary to tackle complex sustainability challenges. As further refinements emerge, these nature-derived polyester membranes may soon become the standard for next-generation desalination facilities worldwide.

In light of the escalating demand for potable water and tightening environmental regulations, adopting membrane materials that minimize toxic chemical usage while sustaining durable performance will be critical. The demonstrated success of interfacial catalytic polymerization in producing sustainable, high-functionality polyester membranes signals a promising horizon for water purification technologies.

As the research community and industry stakeholders digest these findings, the impetus to innovate safer, greener water treatment solutions grows stronger. This breakthrough not only addresses immediate health and environmental concerns but also charts a viable course toward circular and resilient water infrastructure worldwide.

Subject of Research: Sustainable polyester thin films for membrane desalination developed through interfacial catalytic polymerization.

Article Title: Sustainable polyester thin films for membrane desalination developed through interfacial catalytic polymerization.

Article References:
Liu, Y., Fang, W., Yue, Z. et al. Sustainable polyester thin films for membrane desalination developed through interfacial catalytic polymerization. Nat Water 3, 430–438 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s44221-025-00419-6

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s44221-025-00419-6

Lehigh University Senior Research Scientist Arup K. SenGupta, a professor emeritus in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, is the 2025 recipient of the Simon W. Freese Environmental Engineering Award and Lecture, presented by the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE).

SenGupta, an ASCE Fellow, is an internationally recognized water scientist whose research has led to sustainable solutions for removing arsenic, fluoride, and other contaminants from drinking water around the world. His pioneering work in ion exchange science has also advanced technologies for desalination, wastewater reclamation, and carbon capture.

The Freese Award was established in 1975 and honors the legacy of Simon Wilke Freese, a civil engineer and ASCE Fellow whose career included designing more than 100 municipal water and sewer systems and over 200 dams and reservoirs. It is supported by Freese and Nichols, the engineering firm where Freese became a partner in 1927.

Each year, ASCE’s Environmental and Water Resources Institute selects an honoree based on a review of professional achievements and peer recommendations to receive the award and deliver the lecture. SenGupta was recognized with the Freese Award “for advancing and expanding the field of ion exchange science and technology, and for applying it to the development of sustainable technologies and new materials.”

He will present the Freese Lecture via video conference at 11:20 a.m. EDT on Wednesday, May 21, on the topic of “Development and Global Application of Hybrid Ion Exchange Processes in Sustainable Water Treatment: From Decontamination to Desalination,” as part of the 2025 World Environmental and Water Resources Congress (May 18-21, in Anchorage, Alaska).

In his lecture, SenGupta will highlight the development of innovative, sustainable water treatment technologies aimed at addressing global water scarcity. He will also discuss how hybrid ion exchange processes—now used worldwide—can transform wastewater into usable water and remove harmful contaminants, offering practical solutions for communities facing water challenges.

Read more about SenGupta’s research and accomplishments on his faculty profile.

Related Links

• Faculty Profile: Arup K. SenGupta

• ASCE Simon W. Freese Environmental Engineering Award and Lecture

• EWRI 2025 World Environmental and Water Resources Congress