Concrete is the most widely used construction material globally, and its primary constituent, sand, plays a crucial role in determining the material’s final properties. Traditional river sand, while favored for its physical characteristics, poses environmental risks, including habitat destruction and increased edge erosion. The alarming rate at which river sand is being extracted could lead to a depletion of essential aquatic ecosystems. In light of these challenges, researchers are advocating for a paradigm shift towards sustainable alternatives that do not compromise the structural integrity of concrete.

Emerging sustainable fine aggregate materials such as recycled concrete aggregates, industrial by-products like blast furnace slag, and naturally occurring alternatives like crushed granite and quarry dust are gaining recognition. Each of these materials presents unique advantages and disadvantages, particularly in how they influence the performance characteristics of concrete, including workability, strength, and durability. This review details the physical and chemical properties of these alternatives and how they can be optimized for specific concrete applications.

Recycled concrete aggregates, derived from the crushing of unused or demolished concrete, offer a promising solution. They not only mitigate environmental impacts but also contribute to resource conservation. By reintroducing waste into the production cycle, this practice aligns closely with circular economy principles. The review reveals that despite some challenges in achieving optimal particle size and gradation, advances in processing technologies have made recycled aggregates increasingly viable for mainstream concrete applications.

Another interesting avenue explored is the use of industrial by-products, such as fly ash and slag. These materials often have pozzolanic properties, which not only enhance the strength of concrete but also improve its resistance to aggressive environmental conditions. The review examines numerous studies highlighting the successful partial replacement of river sand with these by-products, showing comparable or even superior performance in many cases. Their use can also help reduce the carbon footprint associated with concrete production, making them an environmentally sound choice.

Crushed stone materials like granite and quarry dust have also been reviewed as potential substitutes for river sand. When processed correctly, these aggregates can closely mimic the physical characteristics of natural sand, allowing for similar workability and aesthetic properties. However, the review emphasizes the need for careful consideration of sourcing and processing methods to ensure the aggregates do not introduce detrimental impurities.

Moreover, the review discusses the importance of optimizing the design of concrete mixtures to leverage the unique properties of these sustainable aggregates effectively. The balance between preserving workability and achieving targeted strength performance without the use of river sand necessitates a nuanced understanding of mix design principles. Advanced modeling and simulation techniques may assist engineers in creating innovative mixtures that utilize alternative materials without sacrificing quality.

Significantly, the review also sheds light on the social and economic dimensions of replacing river sand in concrete production. The transition to sustainable fine aggregates can create new markets and job opportunities within communities, especially in regions facing scarcity of natural resources. It emphasizes that it is not only an environmental imperative but also a social opportunity, where local economies can thrive by harnessing available materials and innovative sourcing strategies.

In conclusion, the research conducted by Sanusi et al. serves as a thorough examination of potential sustainable fine aggregates that can effectively replace river sand in concrete. By adopting these alternatives, the construction industry has the opportunity to lessen its environmental impact significantly while also ensuring the durability and performance of its products. The insights provided in this review highlight that while challenges do exist, the drive towards sustainability can catalyze innovations that benefit both the construction industry and the environment.

As stakeholders continue to explore and implement such sustainable options, further research will be essential to refine processing techniques, optimize material properties, and ultimately build a more sustainable future in construction practices. With the right guidance and commitment from industry players, the dream of environmentally-friendly concrete may soon be a widespread reality, paving the way for a greener, more sustainable built environment.

Subject of Research: Sustainable Concrete Aggregates

Article Title: Replacing river sand in concrete: a review of emerging sustainable fine aggregate materials

Article References:

Sanusi, A., Ndububa, E.E., Amuda, A.G. et al. Replacing river sand in concrete: a review of emerging sustainable fine aggregate materials.
Discov Sustain (2026). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43621-026-02686-z

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.1007/s43621-026-02686-z

Keywords: Sustainable aggregates, river sand, concrete, environmental impact, recycled materials, industrial by-products, construction practices.

At the heart of this research is the VBN theory, which posits that personal values, beliefs about the environment, and social norms can significantly influence individuals’ decision-making processes. The authors argue that understanding these factors can lead to a robust framework for encouraging sustainable practices among construction workers. By integrating psychological and sociological perspectives, they provide a comprehensive approach to tackle the challenges that the construction sector faces regarding environmental sustainability.

The researchers conducted a detailed analysis that involved the collection of both qualitative and quantitative data from various building sites across Nigeria. This multi-pronged approach allowed them to gauge not only the behaviors exhibited at these sites but also the underlying motivations behind these actions. They found that when workers possess strong environmental values and beliefs, they are more likely to engage in sustainable practices, such as reducing waste, using eco-friendly materials, and adhering to energy-efficient protocols. This discovery underscores the importance of fostering a strong value system regarding environmental stewardship among construction teams.

Interestingly, the research highlighted the role of social norms in shaping behavior. When workers observe their peers engaging in sustainable practices, they are more likely to follow suit. This finding suggests that establishing a culture of sustainability within construction sites is essential. By creating an environment where sustainable practices are celebrated and reinforced, stakeholders can effectively drive change. The authors noted that visible leadership and commitment from project managers also play a crucial role in influencing the behavior of construction workers.

Moreover, the implications of this study extend beyond individual sites. The findings suggest that policymakers and industry leaders must prioritize education and training in sustainability practices for workers at all levels. By leveraging the principles of the VBN theory, stakeholders can design targeted interventions that resonate with the values and beliefs of construction workers. This could include workshops, seminars, and on-site training sessions that emphasize the importance of sustainability in construction, not just as a regulatory requirement, but as a core value that benefits everyone involved.

Chukwu and his colleagues also delve into the challenges that the construction industry in Nigeria faces in adopting sustainable behaviors. These challenges range from economic constraints, such as limited access to green materials, to cultural attitudes that may prioritize short-term gains over long-term environmental sustainability. The authors argue that addressing these barriers is crucial for the success of any initiatives aimed at enhancing sustainable practices within the industry.

Towards the conclusion of their research, the authors present a series of recommendations aimed at promoting sustainable behaviors in building construction sites. These include the establishment of incentive programs for workers who consistently engage in environmentally friendly practices, as well as the visibility of sustainability champions within teams. Engaging local communities and stakeholders in the dialogue around sustainable construction can also create a more profound impact, building a collective ethos that values and rewards sustainable practices.

In light of global climate change and the pressing need for resource conservation, the findings of this study hold immense significance. They offer a framework that construction companies worldwide can adopt to enhance their sustainability efforts. By focusing on behavioral predictors and fostering the right values among workers, the construction industry can transition towards more sustainable practices effectively.

The implications of this research reach beyond Nigeria, offering valuable insights for developing economies facing similar challenges in sustainable construction. As the world grapples with environmental concerns, the lessons learned from this study could assist policymakers and industry leaders everywhere in fostering a shift towards a more sustainable future.

In conclusion, the research conducted by Chukwu, Omeh, and Ayanwale represents a critical step towards understanding how sustainable behaviors can be predicted and enhanced on construction sites. By utilizing the VBN theory, their comprehensive analysis reveals the intricate relationship between personal values, beliefs, social norms, and environmental practices. As the construction industry continues to evolve, integrating these insights will be essential for achieving sustainability goals, both in Nigeria and globally.

This compelling study encourages all stakeholders in the construction sector to harness the power of values and social norms to create a culture of sustainability that resonates with workers. The future of construction might well depend on it.

Subject of Research: Sustainable behaviors in building construction sites in Nigeria

Article Title: Predicting sustainable behaviours on building construction sites in Nigeria using the value-belief-norm theory.

Article References:
Chukwu, D.U., Omeh, C.B. & Ayanwale, M.A. Predicting sustainable behaviours on building construction sites in Nigeria using the value-belief-norm theory.
Discov Sustain (2026). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43621-026-02606-1

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.1007/s43621-026-02606-1

Keywords: Sustainable construction, Value-Belief-Norm theory, Nigeria, Environmental behavior, Construction industry.