The chemical at the heart of the study, ammonia borane, is a white crystalline solid that packs roughly 19.6 percent hydrogen by weight, making it one of the most attractive chemical hydrogen carriers known. When mixed with methanol in the presence of a suitable catalyst, ammonia borane quantitatively releases three equivalents of hydrogen gas, a process called methanolysis. Compared with hydrolysis, which consumes water, methanolysis proceeds readily at ambient temperature, avoids freezing problems in cold climates, and yields a boron-containing product that can in principle be recycled back to ammonia borane. The catch has always been the catalyst. Precious metals such as ruthenium, platinum and gold perform superbly but are prohibitively expensive for scaled deployment, pushing researchers toward earth-abundant alternatives such as cobalt and nickel.

Cobalt-based catalysts are among the most promising non-noble options, but they suffer from sluggish kinetics, susceptibility to oxidation and aggregation, and the perennial problem of nanoparticle leaching during repeated use. The Jazan team tackled these weaknesses on two fronts simultaneously. First, they alloyed cobalt with molybdenum, a well-known electronic promoter in borohydride chemistry. Second, they locked the resulting bimetallic domains inside a piezoelectric polymer scaffold whose internal electric fields respond to mechanical agitation. The catalyst and its support, in other words, were designed as a single coupled system rather than as separate components bolted together after the fact.

The fabrication route is deceptively simple and potentially scalable. A solution containing PVDF-HFP, cobalt nitrate and controlled amounts of ammonium molybdate was electrospun into a nonwoven mat of polymer nanofibers. Electrospinning, which draws a charged polymer jet from a needle toward a grounded collector, produces fibers with diameters in the sub-micrometer range and enormous surface-area-to-volume ratios. The mats were then treated with an in situ sodium borohydride reduction, converting the metal salts directly into ultrafine cobalt–molybdenum domains dispersed throughout the fiber matrix. By varying the molybdenum loading from zero to 0.5 relative to cobalt, the researchers prepared a family of membranes designated by their Mo content and screened them for methanolysis activity in methanol at 298 kelvin.

Microscopy and diffraction told a consistent story about what the reduction produced. Scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray mapping confirmed that cobalt and molybdenum were uniformly co-localized along the fiber lengths, with no evidence of segregated metal clusters. Notably, X-ray diffraction revealed no crystalline metal phases at all, indicating that the Co–Mo domains are either amorphous or so small that they escape detection. That absence of crystallinity is not a defect; amorphous alloy catalysts are widely prized in hydrogen-release chemistry because their disordered atomic arrangements expose a high density of low-coordination active sites and short diffusion paths for reactants, often outperforming their crystalline counterparts of the same composition.

The performance data identified a clear optimum. Increasing molybdenum content boosted activity up to the 0.3 loading, which delivered the headline hydrogen generation rate of 70.22 mol H₂ min⁻¹ g⁻¹Co, but further Mo addition diminished performance, likely because excess molybdenum dilutes the cobalt active sites or partially blocks access to them. Kinetic analysis showed a near-first-order dependence on both catalyst loading and ammonia borane concentration, consistent with surface-mediated reaction control rather than mass-transfer limitations. Temperature-dependence measurements yielded an apparent activation energy of just 19.21 kJ mol⁻¹, a remarkably low barrier that reflects how readily the bimetallic interfaces drive the O–H bond cleavage and B–H protolysis steps of methanolysis.

Durability, often the Achilles heel of supported metal catalysts, proved respectable. After six consecutive methanolysis cycles, the 0.3 Mo@PVDF-HFP membrane retained approximately 80 percent of its initial activity, a level of stability the authors attribute primarily to the polymer confinement preventing nanoparticle migration and agglomeration. In conventional powder catalysts, the mechanical stress of stirring and the heat of reaction gradually sinter nanoparticles into larger, less active aggregates. Here, the fibers act as nanoscale cages: metal domains nucleated and grew within the polymer network, and the surrounding matrix physically anchors them against dissolution, leaching and coalescence across successive uses.

The most conceptually interesting aspect of the work is the role of piezoelectricity. PVDF-HFP is a ferroelectric polymer in which the polar crystalline phases carry a spontaneous dipole moment. When the catalyst membrane is stirred in methanol, the resulting mechanical deformation and vibration strain the fibers and induce piezoelectric polarization, generating local electric fields and interfacial charge at the polymer–metal boundary. According to the authors, this stirring-induced polarization enriches interfacial charge, accelerates electron transfer between the catalyst surface and the reacting ammonia borane–methanol complex, and thereby complements the intrinsic electronic synergy between cobalt and molybdenum. In essence, ordinary mechanical agitation, which any practical reactor supplies anyway, is harvested as a free auxiliary energy input that lowers the effective kinetic barrier.

The mechanistic picture of why the molybdenum addition matters parallels established understanding of transition-metal promotion in borohydride and ammonia borane chemistry. Cobalt provides the primary sites for adsorbing and activating boron–hydrogen bonds, while molybdenum, which is more oxophilic, preferentially binds the hydroxyl hydrogen of methanol and the protic hydrogens of the reaction intermediates. The juxtaposition of electron-rich and electron-poor sites across the Co–Mo interface creates dual active centers that accept hydride and proton on adjacent positions, accelerating their recombination into molecular hydrogen. X-ray photoelectron measurements in related systems consistently show charge transfer between the two metals, and the authors invoke this electronic synergy, together with the amorphous bimetallic active sites and the piezoelectric polarization of the support, as the three factors underpinning the observed 2.6-fold rate enhancement.

The broader significance lies in the design template rather than any single number. The study demonstrates a scalable, electrospinning-based route to flexible, polymer-confined bimetallic catalysts in which the support is an active electrochemical participant, coupling ambient mechanical energy into catalytic charge dynamics. Because ammonia borane methanolysis proceeds quantitatively at room temperature with an inexpensive, earth-abundant metal pair, and because the catalyst is a flexible membrane rather than a loose powder, the approach lends itself to cartridge-like hydrogen generators for fuel cells in portable, automotive and backup-power applications. The authors frame the work as enabling efficient, on-demand hydrogen production, and the combination of low activation energy, cycling stability and piezo-assisted kinetics suggests a credible path toward chemical hydrogen storage systems that respond, quite literally, to the shake of a reactor. Future work will need to probe the long-term mechanical fatigue of the piezoelectric polymer, refine catalyst regeneration strategies for the spent boron product, and translate the laboratory stirring protocol into engineered flow reactors, but the central demonstration, that a vibrating plastic fiber can make a non-precious catalyst work substantially harder, offers an unusually elegant answer to one of the hydrogen economy’s most persistent engineering problems.

Subject of Research: Piezoelectric polymer-confined cobalt–molybdenum bimetallic nanocatalysts for hydrogen generation from ammonia borane methanolysis.

Article Title: Piezoelectric-Assisted Co–Mo Bimetallic Nanocatalysts Confined in PVDF-HFP Nanofibers for Efficient H2 Generation from Ammonia Borane Methanolysis

Article References: Kuku, M., Arishi, M., Abutaleb, A., Yousef, A., & El-Halwany, M. M. (2026). Piezoelectric-Assisted Co–Mo Bimetallic Nanocatalysts Confined in PVDF-HFP Nanofibers for Efficient H2 Generation from Ammonia Borane Methanolysis. Catalysis Letters, 156(10), Article 273. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10562-026-05433-1

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.1007/s10562-026-05433-1

Keywords: hydrogen production, ammonia borane, methanolysis, piezoelectric catalysis, PVDF-HFP, nanofibers, electrospinning, cobalt molybdenum catalyst, bimetallic nanocatalysts, chemical hydrogen storage, hydrogen energy, non-precious metal catalysts

This novel architecture capitalizes on the unique physical phenomena inherent to excitons — bound states of electrons and holes held together by Coulombic attraction — which can be manipulated within quantum-confined materials to extend their lifetimes and enhance their spatial separation. The team’s strategic layering of GaN and InGaN at the nanoscale forms a quantum superlattice, where the photogenerated indirect excitons demonstrate a remarkably prolonged existence. This extension, facilitated by the quantum-confined Stark effect, provides a temporal window during which charge carriers can effectively participate in crucial surface redox reactions involved in overall water splitting.

The quantum-confined Stark effect, a fundamental phenomenon in semiconductor physics, arises from the application of an internal electric field within quantum well structures, leading to spatial separation of electron and hole wavefunctions. By carefully engineering these internal fields in the GaN/InGaN superlattice, the researchers achieved a profound enhancement in exciton lifetimes, mitigating the otherwise rapid recombination losses that plague conventional photocatalysts. This manipulation ensures that photogenerated charge carriers are kinetically preserved, enabling efficient charge steering towards the catalytic sites on the surface.

Under ambient environmental conditions combined with concentrated solar irradiation, the system exhibited a solar-to-hydrogen (STH) efficiency reaching an impressive 3.16%. This figure is particularly notable given that it extends the photocatalytic activity well into the visible spectrum of sunlight, a critical attribute for practical utilization given the sun’s spectral distribution. The broad spectral response enables the harnessing of a greater fraction of incident solar energy, thereby improving the overall energy conversion efficiency.

Beyond laboratory-scale achievements, the technology demonstrated robust scalability with outdoor tests showing an average STH efficiency of 1.64% under sunlight concentrated to 204 times natural intensity. This significant demonstration under real-world conditions underscores the potential of GaN/InGaN quantum superlattices as viable candidates for large-scale hydrogen production, addressing concerns about the transition from experimental setups toward industrially relevant applications.

The foundational principle behind this breakthrough lies in tackling one of the fundamental bottlenecks in photocatalysis: the fleeting lifetime and rapid recombination of charge carriers. Traditional semiconductor photocatalysts often fail to sustain spatial charge separation long enough for water-splitting reactions to occur efficiently, which drastically limits their quantum efficiency. By leveraging excitonic effects and nanostructure engineering within these quantum superlattices, the researchers provide a pathway to manage and extend the life cycle of these charge carriers, thus unlocking their catalytic potential.

Gallium nitride, with its wide bandgap and excellent thermal stability, synergizes effectively with indium gallium nitride, a tunable semiconductor whose bandgap can be adjusted by controlling indium composition. This tunability enables the quantum superlattice to absorb a broader section of the solar spectrum, which is crucial for harnessing visible light that makes up the majority of solar energy reaching Earth’s surface. The nanometre-scale layering ensures quantum mechanical effects dominate, providing discrete energy states and enabling precise control over exciton dynamics.

This research not only advances the scientific understanding of excitonic behavior in engineered superlattices but also provides an innovative platform for the design of next-generation photocatalysts. The demonstrated influence of the quantum-confined Stark effect in modulating exciton lifetime invites further exploration into manipulating internal electric fields as a tool for enhancing photocatalytic performance, potentially applying such concepts to other materials systems and solar conversion processes.

The team’s work sets a new benchmark by effectively bridging fundamental quantum physics with pragmatic solar fuel generation—a union that speaks to the power of interdisciplinary approaches in addressing global energy challenges. By guiding photogenerated charges precisely where they are needed for catalytic action, this method mitigates energy losses and elevates the solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency beyond previous limits.

Importantly, the approach maintains high stability and performance under prolonged exposure to ambient outdoor conditions and intense concentrated sunlight. Stability is a crucial criterion for hydrogen production systems envisioned for real-world deployment, where persistent exposure to varying environmental factors tends to degrade conventional photocatalysts quickly.

Looking forward, the integration of excitonic quantum superlattice photocatalysts could revitalize the hydrogen economy by providing a scalable, efficient, and sustainable route to solar hydrogen. The ability to modulate electronic and excitonic properties within these well-defined nanostructures promises exciting opportunities for further enhancement via materials chemistry, quantum engineering, and surface catalysis.

As renewable energy landscapes continue to evolve, innovations such as these exemplify how fundamental physics can be harnessed to overcome longstanding technological barriers. The unusually long-lived indirect excitons engineered in GaN/InGaN quantum well superlattices showcase the potential for quantum design principles to elevate photocatalytic water splitting, potentially culminating in cost-effective and high-output hydrogen production systems.

With this discovery, the pathway toward green hydrogen as a major energy vector becomes clearer and more tangible. The researchers’ scale-up demonstrations reinforce the economic viability and industrial relevance, marking an important milestone in the global transition toward climate-friendly fuels and energy independence.

This landmark research not only redefines photocatalytic efficiency concepts but also underscores the immense potential of nanostructured excitonic materials for tackling climate change. By delivering a versatile and high-performance platform, it reinvigorates hopes for clean hydrogen fuel as a cornerstone for future sustainable energy frameworks, showcasing a union of quantum science and environmental stewardship.

Subject of Research: Photocatalytic water splitting using excitonic quantum superlattices

Article Title: Excitonic quantum superlattices for efficient photocatalytic water splitting

Article References:
Pan, Y., Zhang, B., Ye, Z. et al. Excitonic quantum superlattices for efficient photocatalytic water splitting. Nat Energy (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-026-01972-4

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-026-01972-4

Keywords: excitonic quantum superlattice, photocatalytic water splitting, gallium nitride, indium gallium nitride, quantum-confined Stark effect, solar-to-hydrogen efficiency, photogenerated charge carriers, hydrogen production, visible light photocatalysis, solar fuels, nanostructured photocatalysts

The transparent WO₃ film is characterized by its highly ordered mesoporous structure and meticulously tailored crystal orientation, which uniquely positions it for superior performance under neutral pH conditions. Given the urgent need to transition to sustainable and clean energy technologies, this breakthrough represents a pivotal advancement in solar-to-hydrogen technologies. The research team utilized a surfactant-template method combined with an in situ template-carbonization technique to directly fabricate the tungsten trioxide film on a conductive glass substrate, specifically fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO).

This carefully engineered synthesis process involves the use of Pluronic F127, a triblock copolymer that facilitates the formation of an intricate mesoporous network characterized by ultrathin pore walls measuring approximately 10 nm. This particular design not only enhances the surface area, measured at 124 m²/g, but also optimizes the migration pathways for charge carriers within the material. Such structural advantages lead to abundant active sites available for water oxidation, ultimately contributing to improved electron transport capabilities across the transparent film.

One of the most significant findings from this research is the exceptional stabilizing behavior of the WO₃-F127 electrode during continuous operation. In tests, the photoanode displayed an impressive initial photocurrent density of 1.54 mA cm⁻² within the first minute of illumination. Strikingly, 98% of this performance was sustained even after a prolonged period of 30 hours under continuous light, showcasing the robustness of the mesoporous structure in promoting efficient electron transport while minimizing charge recombination.

In terms of efficiency, the mesoporous WO₃ photoanode showed exceptional incident photon-to-current conversion efficiencies (IPCE) of 49% in acidic environments and 41% under neutral pH conditions when illuminated at 420 nm and 1.23 V relative to the reversible hydrogen electrode. Notably, these values represent a threefold increase compared to conventional untemplated WO₃ films, further validating the enhanced capabilities inherent in this newly developed material.

The research highlights mechanistic investigations illustrating a striking increase in water oxidation rate constants — a staggering 3.6-fold improvement over standard WO₃ electrodes. This enhancement is attributed to the integration of cobalt oxide (CoOx) nanoparticles, which were carefully embedded within the mesoporous channels. These nanoparticles function as co-catalysts, significantly accelerating surface reactions and increasing the rate constant for oxygen evolution to 5.7 × 10² s⁻¹, thereby propelling advancements in the overall efficiency of the photoanode.

The findings underline the faradaic efficiency for oxygen evolution, which reached an impressive 93%, a remarkable feat for WO₃ photoanodes. Beyond efficiency under various conditions, the durability of the mesoporous WO₃ electrode has also been confirmed. It displays reliability and high performance, retaining 98% of its initial photocurrent during continuous operation under neutral conditions, thus solidifying its position as a robust candidate for future renewable energy applications.

Another distinguishing feature of this material is its optical transparency. This characteristic plays a crucial role in its application as a front light-harvesting layer in tandem photoelectrochemical devices. These devices can maximize overall efficiency through the integration of multiple photoabsorbers that capture various solar spectrum regions. According to Dr. Masayuki Yagi, the corresponding author of the study, the high optical transparency coupled with the long-term stability under neutral pH conditions positions the mesoporous WO₃ electrode as a promising front layer for scalable tandem PEC devices.

Addressing existing challenges in hydrogen production, the research team emphasizes the importance of the stability and efficiency of photoactive materials. Hydrogen is increasingly viewed as a sustainable energy carrier capable of decarbonizing transportation and heavy industries. However, the historical instability associated with these materials has hindered their role in solar-driven water splitting. This innovative study sets a new standard by combining long-term stability, high efficiency, and transparency in WO₃, providing a blueprint for the next generation of photoanodes.

The scalable templating and carbonization techniques introduced in this research open the door to further exploration of other metal oxide semiconductors, potentially increasing the impact and applicability of these findings across various fields in renewable energy. The mesoporous WO₃ film not only addresses the current needs for effective hydrogen production but also heralds an era of more effective sustainable solar fuels.

As research continues to progress, the mesoscopic structure of WO₃ is anticipated to inspire additional innovations that can further enhance the efficiency and versatility of solar energy technologies. The contributions made by the Niigata University team could potentially play a significant role in advancing practical solar water-splitting systems capable of generating renewable hydrogen on a significant scale. By integrating these advancements into tandem device architectures and optimizing the materials involved, the future of sustainable energy production may be closer than we originally anticipated.

The implications of these findings extend beyond laboratory applications, as they pave the way for realistic implementations of solar-to-hydrogen technologies that could influence energy policies and global initiatives aimed at decarbonization. The ongoing developments in this field urge stakeholders within the energy sector to invest more resources and research into exploring the vast capabilities of WO₃ and similar materials, fusing innovation with sustainability in the quest for cleaner energy alternatives.

In conclusion, the groundbreaking research of the Niigata University team not only underscores the potential of mesoporous WO₃ films but also delivers a powerful message about the importance of material science in the pursuit of sustainable energy solutions. With innovative fabrication techniques and an unwavering focus on efficiency and stability, the path towards a new age of renewable energy is being laid, promising a future driven by clean, sustainable hydrogen production.

Subject of Research: Development of a transparent mesoporous tungsten trioxide (WO₃) film for renewable energy applications.
Article Title: Optically transparent WO3 films with organized mesopores and oriented crystallinity: An efficient and robust photoanode for visible-light-driven water oxidation at neutral pH.
News Publication Date: 25-Jul-2025.
Web References: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2025.125733
References: None available.
Image Credits: Niigata University.

Keywords

Physical sciences, Materials science, Applied sciences and engineering, Energy resources, Alternative energy, Electrochemical energy, Surface chemistry, Thin films, Materials engineering.

Hydrogen, often touted as the clean fuel of the future, has immense potential as an energy carrier but remains hindered by challenges related to its cost-efficient and sustainable production. Electrochemical water splitting remains a key method to generate green hydrogen, yet the process is heavily dependent on noble metal catalysts such as platinum and iridium oxides. These elements are expensive, scarce, and susceptible to deactivation, constraining the scalability of hydrogen technologies. Addressing these limitations requires catalysts that combine high efficiency, durability, and affordability—a difficult but critical balance.

High-entropy metallic glasses are an emerging class of materials that leverage the synergy of multiple principal elements to create amorphous alloys with exceptional structural and chemical complexity. Their disordered atomic arrangements inherently provide an abundance of active catalytic sites and uniform elemental dispersion. However, the challenge arises during the formation of nanoporous architectures—a transformation necessary to maximize surface area and catalytically active sites—where these materials tend to recrystallize, which diminishes their amorphous advantages.

In this context, a research team has innovated a compositional and structural design strategy to overcome this major hurdle. By synthesizing a particular HEMG alloy composed of copper, nickel, cobalt, zirconium, yttrium, and aluminum in precise atomic ratios, they harnessed intrinsic nanoscale phase separations within the glassy matrix. This unique feature allowed selective dissolution of one glassy phase via controlled dealloying, yielding a three-dimensional bicontinuous nanoporous framework that remarkably retains its amorphous character post-fabrication.

Taking the material’s architecture a step further, the researchers introduced a carefully controlled surface crystallization treatment. This process instigated the formation of nanocrystalline flakes embedded sporadically within the amorphous domains, creating an amorphous/crystalline heterostructure (ACH). This intricate heterostructure synergizes the best attributes of both phases: the disordered structural motifs of the amorphous matrix and the highly active, lattice-distorted crystalline regions, fostering a rich landscape of catalytic active sites.

Such heterointerfaces serve as conduits for enhanced charge transfer and fine-tune the adsorption energies of intermediate species involved in the water splitting reaction. This modulation optimizes reaction kinetics, lowering energy barriers, and thereby improves overall catalytic efficiency. Notably, the d-band center of the active sites is delicately calibrated in this heterostructured system, enabling facile desorption of products—a critical step to sustain high catalytic turnover rates in both hydrogen evolution and oxygen evolution half-reactions.

Experimentally, this novel catalyst, termed AC-NP-CuNiCo, exhibited outstanding performance metrics, surpassing benchmark noble metal catalysts. It demonstrated a low cell voltage of 1.53 volts at a current density of 10 milliamperes per square centimeter, underscoring its ability to drive overall water splitting with superior energy efficiency. The large specific surface area resulting from the nanoporous structure amplifies the accessibility of active sites, while lattice distortions introduce local electronic states beneficial for catalytic activity.

The implications of this work extend beyond just material performance. It introduces a paradigm shift in the design and synthesis of catalytic materials where phase engineering at the nanoscale can be manipulated to achieve unprecedented synergistic effects. The seamless integration of amorphous and crystalline phases within a high-entropy metallic system opens avenues for tailoring electronic and atomic structures with precision, a feat beyond conventional materials.

Looking ahead, this research lays a foundation for more sophisticated approaches to refining the compositional and structural features of HEMGs. The adoption of advanced in-situ and operando characterization techniques will be pivotal in unraveling atomic-level structure-property correlations dynamically under working conditions. Such insights will inform the fine control of surface crystallinity and local coordination environments, thereby enabling the design of catalysts tailored for specific reaction pathways with optimized activity and selectivity.

Moreover, embracing combinatorial experimentation methods combined with machine learning algorithms could accelerate the discovery of new high-entropy compositions. These tools can navigate the vast composition space more effectively, predicting optimal element combinations and processing parameters to maximize catalytic function. Such data-driven approaches are expected to propel the field toward more robust, selective, and durable catalysts tailored for diverse energy conversion applications.

Translational challenges remain, notably in scaling synthesis methods that preserve the delicate heterostructures and verifying long-term catalyst stability under industrial electrolysis conditions. Addressing these will be essential to bridge the gulf between laboratory innovation and commercial viability. Nonetheless, the present advances represent a significant leap forward toward noble-metal-free catalysts capable of delivering high performance sustainably at scale.

This breakthrough aligns critically with the broader vision of transitioning to a hydrogen economy powered by renewable energy sources. By minimizing dependency on limited critical raw materials and maximizing catalyst longevity and efficiency, such novel materials contribute toward making green hydrogen production economically and environmentally feasible. The potential societal impacts include reduced carbon footprints, enhanced energy security, and the stimulation of clean energy industries worldwide.

The research findings have been recently published in the prestigious journal Materials Futures, reflecting the interdisciplinary significance and high impact of this discovery. It contributes a valuable piece to the puzzle of sustainable catalysis by blending materials science with energy engineering innovation, embodying the spirit of modern scientific advancement.

In conclusion, the design of amorphous/crystalline heterostructured nanoporous high-entropy metallic glasses marks a new horizon for electrocatalyst development. Combining nanoscale phase manipulation with high-entropy alloy principles yields a unique platform that overcomes longstanding challenges in catalyst design. Its demonstrated efficiency in water splitting catalysis heralds promising prospects for next-generation clean energy technologies, making this an electrifying development in the pursuit of a sustainable future.

Subject of Research: Development of amorphous/crystalline heterostructured nanoporous high-entropy metallic glasses for efficient electrochemical water splitting catalysis.

Article Title: Amorphous/Crystalline Heterostructured Nanoporous High-Entropy Metallic Glasses for Efficient Water Splitting

Web References:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2752-5724/add415

References:
Meng Liu, Shoucong Ning, Dongdong Xiao, Yongzheng Zhang, Jiuhui Han, Chao Li, Anmin Nie, Xiang Zhang, Ao Zhang, Xiangrui Feng, Yujin Zhang, Weihua Wang, Zhen Lu, Haiyang Bai. Amorphous/Crystalline Heterostructured Nanoporous High-Entropy Metallic Glasses for Efficient Water Splitting[J]. Materials Futures. DOI: 10.1088/2752-5724/add415

Image Credits:
Zhen Lu from Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences

Keywords

Crystallography, Water splitting