The study, published in BMC Medical Education by Masoumeh Fuladvandi of Aligoudarz School of Nursing, Shirin Ghazi of the Determinants of Medical Education & Development Center, and Mohamad Masoud Ahmadi Chegeni of the School of Medicine, all at Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, was conducted in 2025 and published on 9 October 2026. The researchers set out to examine faculty-led clinical assessment practices in teaching hospitals affiliated with the university, a setting where high patient loads, limited resources, and dense clinical schedules are common. Their central question was deceptively simple: what is it actually like to be a medical student being assessed in these hospitals?

To answer it, the team turned to qualitative methodology rather than surveys or test scores. They recruited eighteen undergraduate medical students who had reached the clinical phase of training—the eleventh academic semester or beyond—using purposive sampling with maximum variation, a technique designed to capture a wide range of perspectives rather than a statistically representative sample. Data came from thirteen semi-structured individual interviews and one focus-group discussion held in two sessions. The researchers continued collecting data until no substantively new codes or meanings emerged and the analytic categories were sufficiently developed, a saturation-based stopping rule that is standard in rigorous qualitative work.

Analysis followed the conventional content analysis approach of Graneheim and Lundman, in which researchers read transcripts line by line, assign codes to meaningful units, and inductively cluster those codes into subcategories and categories. Crucially, the analysis ran concurrently with data collection, allowing early interviews to inform later probing. The team established trustworthiness using Lincoln and Guba’s well-known criteria—credibility, dependability, confirmability, and transferability—through member checking with participants, iterative review with the research supervisors, and a documented audit trail. Reporting followed the COREQ guidelines, the accepted checklist for qualitative research, and the study received ethics approval from the Lorestan University of Medical Sciences Research Ethics Committee under code IR.LUMS.REC.1404.300, with verbal informed consent approved by the same committee.

From this painstaking process, three main categories and eleven subcategories emerged, and together they form the intellectual heart of the paper. The first category describes assessment as a hindering process. Students reported that assessment was often non-transparent: they did not clearly know what criteria they were being judged against or how their performance translated into a grade. They described faculty inattentiveness, in which assessors seemed distracted or insufficiently engaged with the student’s actual performance. Environmental constraints—the pressures of busy wards, limited time, and scarce resources—compounded these problems. Perhaps most strikingly, students described psychological insecurity: the anxiety of being watched and judged in high-stakes clinical settings without a sense of safety, which itself can degrade performance and learning.

The second category reframes assessment as a source of motivation. When assessment worked well, it did so through effective feedback—specific, timely, and constructive information that told students not just what they got wrong but how to improve. Faculty support emerged as a parallel driver: assessors who took a genuine interest in the student’s development transformed evaluation from an ordeal into an opportunity. Students also linked well-handled assessment to personal and professional growth, describing how the process of being evaluated, when done thoughtfully, helped them mature into more confident and self-aware clinicians. This duality is important: the same institutional practice could either block or fuel development depending on how it was enacted.

The third category characterizes assessment as an enabling process, identifying the conditions under which it functioned at its best. These included assessor training, meaning faculty who had been prepared for their evaluative role rather than simply assuming it; modern assessment tools, which can structure observation and scoring in ways that reduce arbitrariness; student participation, giving learners a voice in the process; and a supportive environment in which assessment is embedded in a culture of learning rather than pure judgment. Taken together, the enabling subcategories read almost like a checklist for institutions seeking to reform clinical evaluation.

The research team synthesized these findings into an interpretive conceptual model, and they are careful to note its epistemological status: the model was developed by the researchers from participants’ accounts rather than empirically tested, so it should be read as a hypothesis-generating framework rather than a validated causal structure. Its central claim, however, is compelling. Students’ experiences of clinical assessment were shaped by the interaction of three domains—organisational conditions, interpersonal relationships, and psychological safety—rather than by assessment methods alone. In other words, switching to a new scoring instrument or checklist will accomplish little if the ward is chaotic, the assessor is disengaged, and the student is terrified.

This interactionist insight has implications well beyond Lorestan. Medical education research worldwide has documented the gap between intended and enacted curriculum, and assessment is where that gap becomes most visible and most consequential. A grade is a communication, and if students cannot decode the criteria behind it, if the assessor’s attention is divided, or if the emotional climate punishes honest uncertainty, the communication fails. The Iranian context adds a valuable dimension: teaching hospitals in resource-constrained settings face pressures that elite academic centers may not, yet the students’ core needs—clarity, feedback, support, and safety—are universal. The findings suggest that psychological safety, a concept popularized in organizational research, deserves a central place in how medical schools design and train for clinical evaluation.

The authors’ conclusions are correspondingly practical. They argue that strengthening assessor competence, standardizing assessment practices, and fostering psychological safety may enhance the educational value of clinical assessment in teaching hospitals. Each recommendation maps directly onto a category of findings: assessor competence addresses faculty inattentiveness and the lack of training; standardization addresses non-transparency and environmental inconsistency; and psychological safety addresses the insecurity that students identified as a pervasive hindrance. Because the study is qualitative, it cannot quantify how common each experience is, and the single-institution design limits generalizability; the interpretive model awaits empirical testing. But for educators, the study offers something surveys cannot: a rich, internally coherent account of what assessment feels like from the other side of the clipboard.

What makes the findings resonate is their reframing of assessment as a relational and organizational phenomenon rather than a purely technical one. The study, which formed part of an MD thesis at Lorestan University of Medical Sciences and received no external funding, reminds the medical education community that every observed history-taking exercise and every ward-round question is embedded in a web of institutional constraints, human relationships, and emotional stakes. When that web supports the learner, assessment becomes one of the most powerful engines of clinical growth; when it does not, the same procedure quietly undermines the competence it is meant to certify. The task for medical schools, the study suggests, is not merely to choose better assessment methods, but to build the organizational, interpersonal, and psychological conditions in which any method can succeed.

Subject of Research: Medical students' experiences of clinical assessment in teaching hospitals

Article Title: Medical students’ experiences of clinical assessment in teaching hospitals affiliated with Lorestan University of Medical Sciences: a qualitative content analysis

Article References: Fuladvandi, M., Ghazi, S., & Chegeni, M. M. A. (2026). Medical students’ experiences of clinical assessment in teaching hospitals affiliated with Lorestan University of Medical Sciences: a qualitative content analysis. BMC Medical Education. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-026-10589-w

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.1186/s12909-026-10589-w

Keywords: clinical assessment, medical education, medical students, qualitative content analysis, psychological safety, feedback, teaching hospitals, clinical learning environment, workplace-based assessment, faculty development, Iran, BMC Medical Education