The investigative team undertook an observational study focusing on pancreatic cancer tissue samples resected from patients, applying state-of-the-art spatial transcriptomics techniques coupled with classical histopathological staining, specifically hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) swatches. This fusion of methodologies enabled a high-resolution mapping of the pathological textures of different tumor subtypes. The researchers ranked and selected low-bulk spatial spots based on their pathology and transcriptional attributes, which were then visually represented with circle overlays colored according to unique gene signature scores identifying ductal, classical, proliferative, and basal tumor cell identities.

One of the major technical achievements of this research lies in the analytical ranking of spatial spots by pathological and transcriptional metrics derived from a low-bulk spatial atlas. This dual-parameter ranking system allowed the researchers to discern subtle yet critical variations in tumor cell states and their transcriptional programs. Importantly, the analysis elucidated how classical pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIn), ductal-like, proliferative, and basal tumor subtypes distinctly sculpt their immediate microenvironment, influencing stromal cell infiltration and immune cell localization patterns.

The spatial overlay of transcriptional signature scores—denoted through a blue-to-red color gradient—superimposed on the H&E-stained images provides an unparalleled visual tool for understanding tumor heterogeneity. This visual stratification reflects the dominance of specific tumor cell programs within different histological contexts of the tumor mass. For example, ductal-like signature scores correspond tightly with ductal histology, classical signatures with PanIn and classical pathological regions, and proliferative and basal signatures with more aggressive tumor areas characterized by high fibroblast content.

In situ analyses highlight the complex spatial dynamics within the tumor microenvironment, showcasing how tumor cell identity governs extracellular matrix composition, vascularization, and immune microarchitecture. Ductal-like tumor cells appear to create microenvironments favoring normalized fibroblast activity, whereas basal-like subtypes modify their milieu to support immunosuppressive and desmoplastic stroma. These distinctions are critical, as they relate directly to tumor progression, metastatic potential, and resistance to conventional therapies.

This research addresses a significant knowledge gap in pancreatic cancer’s intratumoral diversity by correlating histopathological texture with transcriptional data obtained from spatial transcriptomics workflows. Prior studies often lacked spatial context, which is vital for understanding tumor microenvironment interactions. The ability to retain spatial information in multi-omics data allows researchers to move beyond bulk measures of gene expression and capture the nuances of cellular neighborhoods and their functional states.

Moreover, the study emphasizes the implications of tumor cell identity on surrounding non-malignant cells, including fibroblasts and immune cells, underscoring a bidirectional communication axis. Fibroblast activation states differ notably according to tumor subtypes, suggesting that targeting stroma in a one-size-fits-all approach may be insufficient. Instead, therapies may need to be tailored to the molecular and histological characteristics of the tumor cells themselves, thereby modifying their influence exerted on the microenvironment.

Beyond the insights into tumor biology, this work demonstrates the utility of integrating computational analysis with histopathology. Analytical selection and ranking empowered the team to pinpoint critical tumor niches within the broader tissue architecture, streamlining potential biomarker discovery and therapeutic target identification. The findings underscore the importance of multi-modal experimental designs combining molecular, spatial, and histological data to unravel complex oncological processes.

This detailed atlas and methodological framework could pave the way for future studies aiming to decode the tumor microenvironment in other cancer types. Beyond pancreatic cancer, spatially resolved transcriptomics holds promise for characterizing the tumor-stroma-immune landscape across diverse malignant and pre-malignant disease states, potentially transforming personalized oncology.

The publication date of this seminal research is January 27, 2026, signaling a new era for precision oncology grounded in spatial molecular pathology. Given the notoriously poor prognosis and limited treatment options for pancreatic cancer, such integrative knowledge is a crucial step toward devising more effective and adaptive interventions.

In conclusion, this study breaks new ground by revealing that tumor cell identity in pancreatic cancer is not merely a marker of tumor classification but a defining factor shaping the tumor’s microenvironmental architecture. By leveraging cutting-edge observational methods that blend pathology, transcriptional profiling, and spatial analytics, the research charts a path toward more targeted and effective cancer therapies that account for both tumor intrinsic properties and extrinsic microenvironmental cues.

Subject of Research: Cells
Article Title: In situ multi-modal characterization of pancreatic cancer reveals tumor cell identity as a defining factor of the surrounding microenvironment
News Publication Date: 27-Jan-2026
Web References: 10.1016/j.celrep.2025.116827
Image Credits: 2025 Bristol Myers Squibb. Published by Elsevier Inc.
Keywords: Pancreatic cancer, Cancer, Diseases and disorders, Cell pathology

The prefrontal cortex, known for its integral role in executive functions such as decision making, social behavior, and cognitive flexibility, has long fascinated neuroscientists. Despite its critical importance, the precise temporal and spatial dynamics of molecular changes leading to its mature state have remained elusive. This study moves the field forward by harnessing multi-omic single-cell technologies to capture the nuances of both transcriptomic and chromatin landscapes as development progresses.

At the heart of this investigation lies the innovative integration of spatial transcriptomics with chromatin accessibility assays performed at the single-cell level. By doing so, the researchers have been able to correlate gene expression states with the underlying epigenetic architecture across discrete developmental time points and in the detailed anatomical context of the developing cortex. This dual approach enables an unprecedented resolution of how cellular identities are established and maintained during critical periods of brain maturation.

The researchers focused their analysis on postnatal stages — a period marked by rapid and dynamic restructuring of neural circuits. Their choice to include both human and macaque brains in the study further allows for comparative insights, enhancing our understanding of species-specific versus conserved developmental mechanisms. Such comparative work is especially important given the evolutionary proximity of macaques to humans and their widespread use as models for human brain function and disorders.

One of the most compelling findings revealed distinct trajectories of gene expression programs that are tightly coupled with changes in chromatin accessibility. This coupling appears to orchestrate the differentiation and specialization of cortical neurons and glial cells, highlighting the complexity of gene regulatory networks at play. These gene networks underpin defining features of cortical circuitry, including the establishment of synaptic connections and the pruning processes essential for functional maturation.

Moreover, the spatial dimension of the data unveiled intriguing region-specific patterns. Different prefrontal cortical subregions showed unique molecular signatures and epigenomic states, which likely correspond to their specialized roles within the wider prefrontal network. This spatial heterogeneity underscores the importance of studying brain development within an anatomical framework, as opposed to bulk analyses that often obscure such fine-grained regional distinctions.

Chromatin accessibility profiling illuminated critical zones of regulatory elements—enhancers and promoters—that dynamically change their activity during key developmental windows. Understanding when and where these regulatory elements operate provides vital clues into how transcriptional programs are modulated and how disruptions in these processes could lead to neurodevelopmental disorders.

The data also highlighted cellular heterogeneity and lineage relationships within the developing cortex. By mapping single-cell transcriptomes alongside chromatin states, the team could reconstruct developmental trajectories and pinpoint critical decision points where progenitor cells diverge into specific cortical neuron subtypes. This molecular roadmap beautifully illustrates the stepwise maturation process and could inform strategies for therapeutic interventions or stem cell-based regenerative approaches.

Importantly, the study offers a critical resource: an integrated spatiotemporal atlas of transcriptomic and epigenetic landscapes in the developing primate brain. This reference atlas stands to profoundly impact future efforts to understand neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, and other cognitive dysfunctions rooted in early brain development. It provides a benchmark against which pathological changes can be measured.

In terms of methodology, the combination of high-throughput sequencing technologies and spatial transcriptomics platforms represents a powerful convergence of technological advances. These approaches allow not only the profiling of thousands of individual cells but also their localization within intact tissue architecture. The researchers’ data analysis pipeline, leveraging advanced computational frameworks, ensures robust integration and interpretation of these complex datasets.

Additionally, by studying both human and macaque postnatal development, the authors contribute to evolutionary neuroscience. Their comparative approach enables identification of conserved regulatory circuits as well as species-specific adaptations that may underlie unique cognitive and behavioral traits of primates. This sets the stage for unraveling the evolutionary pressures shaping higher-order brain functions.

This work also has implications for understanding the timing of critical developmental periods. The spatiotemporal maps provide insights into when certain gene regulatory programs are activated or repressed, which correlates with known windows of heightened plasticity and vulnerability in the prefrontal cortex. Such knowledge could inform the timing of interventions to optimize neurodevelopmental outcomes.

Notably, the dual focus on transcriptomics and chromatin accessibility helps disentangle cause-and-effect relationships, clarifying whether gene expression changes are driven by epigenetic remodeling or vice versa. This mechanistic clarity goes beyond correlation and lays the groundwork for targeted manipulation of gene regulatory elements in future studies.

While the study concentrates on the postnatal phase, the authors acknowledge that extending these analyses to prenatal stages and later adulthood could provide a full developmental continuum. Moreover, including pathological samples from individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders could reveal specific molecular derailments contributing to disease.

In summary, this landmark study pushes the frontier of brain developmental biology by integrating spatial and temporal dimensions of gene regulation at single-cell resolution in primates. The resulting comprehensive atlas of transcriptomic and chromatin accessibility landscapes in the postnatal prefrontal cortex offers a transformative tool for neuroscience research, with far-reaching implications for understanding brain evolution, development, and disease.

The findings highlight the intricate choreography of genetic and epigenetic factors guiding the maturation of the prefrontal cortex. This work not only deepens our insight into fundamental brain biology but also underscores the power of multi-omic single-cell approaches to unlock the mysteries of complex neuronal systems. As the field continues to evolve, such integrative studies are poised to reshape our understanding of the brain’s developmental blueprint and open new avenues for therapeutic innovation.

Subject of Research: Postnatal development of the human and macaque prefrontal cortex using single-cell transcriptomics and chromatin accessibility profiling.

Article Title: Single-cell spatiotemporal transcriptomic and chromatin accessibility profiling in developing postnatal human and macaque prefrontal cortex.

Article References:
Zhang, J., Li, M., Wang, M. et al. Single-cell spatiotemporal transcriptomic and chromatin accessibility profiling in developing postnatal human and macaque prefrontal cortex. Nat Neurosci (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-025-02150-7

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-025-02150-7

The importance of gene expression programs cannot be understated as they form the backbone of cellular functions and activities. At its core, the RNA lifecycle is vital in controlling where and when proteins are synthesized. The newly introduced methodology cleverly integrates several existing technologies to provide a nuanced look at the molecular dance of RNA and its implications for cellular behavior, enabling scientists to visualize and quantify the dynamic interplay of RNAs in their native environments.

One of the standout features of this protocol is its ability to utilize antibody-based protein co-mapping along with advanced sequencing techniques. By selectively converting targeted RNAs, ribosome-bound mRNAs, and metabolically labeled RNAs into DNA amplicons, researchers can generate gene-unique barcodes that facilitate in situ sequencing. This process is harnessed within a confocal microscope setting, offering a powerful lens through which the spatial distribution and temporal changes of RNA species can be observed.

What sets the STARmap PLUS, RIBOmap, and TEMPOmap approach apart from other existing methods is its extraordinary analytical capacity. While traditional techniques may fall short in terms of spatial and temporal resolution, this integrated toolkit enables the simultaneous tracking of thousands of RNA species in intact cells and tissues. This level of multiplexing not only enhances the precision of the data but also enriches the overall understanding of the transcriptomic landscape within various cellular contexts.

The experimental protocols associated with these methodologies are accessible for laboratories already familiar with RNA handling and possessing confocal microscopy tools. The preparation of the amplicon library is designed to be efficient, taking only two to three days followed by variable sequencing times based on the sample size and the number of target genes. This streamlined workflow empowers scientists to gather substantial amounts of data quickly, expediting the drive towards deeper biological discoveries.

After obtaining the spatially resolved single-cell profiles, researchers can embark on various downstream analyses. Cell type classification, cell cycle identification, and the determination of RNA lifecycle kinetic parameters are just a few of the analyses made possible by the rich datasets generated through this protocol. Comprehensive computational analysis, guided by established tutorials, enables researchers to draw meaningful insights from their gathered data, further illuminating the complexities of RNA dynamics.

Additionally, the STARmap PLUS, RIBOmap, and TEMPOmap techniques have profound implications not only for basic research but also for applications in disease studies and therapeutic innovations. A clearer understanding of RNA dynamics within heterogeneous populations could pave the way for novel therapeutic strategies, particularly in complex diseases such as cancer, where localized gene expression patterns can greatly influence treatment efficacy and disease progression.

As more laboratories adopt these advanced methodologies, the collective knowledge surrounding spatial transcriptomics is poised to expand exponentially. Innovations within this field will propel forward our understanding of how genes are regulated and expressed in health and disease. Researchers are encouraged to delve into this spatial omics toolkit, allowing them to unlock new dimensions of biology that have remained elusive until now.

The future of cellular studies is rapidly evolving, and this integrated protocol serves as a beacon for researchers. By employing STARmap PLUS, RIBOmap, and TEMPOmap, scientists can create detailed maps of transcriptomic activity, which will ultimately advance our grasp of molecular biology on many levels. This fusion of technology and biology heralds a new era in understanding the intricate relationships that govern life at the cellular level.

In conclusion, advancements in imaging-based multiplexed in situ profiling are set to revolutionize the way we investigate the RNA lifecycle. As researchers leverage these cutting-edge techniques, they are likely to uncover nuanced insights into the spatiotemporal dynamics of RNA which could reshape our understanding of cellular functions and diversity. This work not only signifies a technical marvel but also stands as a testament to what can be achieved when innovation in methodology meets the curiosity of scientific inquiry.

Ultimately, the integration of advanced protocols in visualizing and quantifying RNA’s spatial-temporal dynamics encapsulates the essence of modern biology. The STARmap PLUS, RIBOmap, and TEMPOmap methodologies exemplify the ambitious strides being made in the field, propelling both basic and translational research to new heights in understanding the complexities of life itself.

Researchers and institutions engaged in cellular biology are hereby invited to embrace this toolkit, not merely as a collection of techniques, but as a transformative lens that reconfigures how we observe and understand the intricacies of gene expression. The potential implications of this technology, both for fundamental science and for clinical applications, are vast and ripe for exploration.

Subject of Research: RNA life cycle and spatial transcriptomics

Article Title: Spatially resolved in situ profiling of mRNA life cycle at transcriptome scale in intact cells and tissues using STARmap PLUS, RIBOmap and TEMPOmap

Article References:

Ren, J., Zeng, H., Huang, J. et al. Spatially resolved in situ profiling of mRNA life cycle at transcriptome scale in intact cells and tissues using STARmap PLUS, RIBOmap and TEMPOmap. Nat Protoc (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41596-025-01248-3

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI:

Keywords: Spatial transcriptomics, RNA lifecycle, gene expression, confocal microscopy, STARmap, RIBOmap, TEMPOmap, multiplexing, single-cell analysis, cellular biology.

The hippocampus, nestled within the medial temporal lobe, orchestrates critical cognitive processes, from encoding episodic memories to spatial navigation. Despite decades of research highlighting its importance, the precise molecular makeup and spatial distribution of its myriad cell types have remained elusive, partly due to technological limitations. Traditional bulk sequencing methods obscured fine cellular differences, while earlier single-cell approaches often lacked spatial context, essential for understanding how cellular neighborhoods shape functionality. This new study adeptly bridges that gap, combining the highest resolution molecular profiling with spatial mapping to generate a topographical molecular atlas.

At the heart of this endeavor lies single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq), a technique that isolates individual nuclei from brain tissues, enabling the capture of gene expression profiles from frozen or archival samples with remarkable fidelity. This was complemented by spatial transcriptomics methods, which preserve the anatomical context by mapping gene expression directly onto tissue sections. Together, these modalities coalesced into a synergistic platform, generating data that not only classify diverse cell populations but also delineate their spatial relationships within the hippocampus.

The research team meticulously dissected human hippocampal samples, procuring tissue from donors spanning a broad age range to encapsulate developmental and possibly aging-related shifts in cellular composition. Their approach yielded staggering datasets — tens of thousands of nuclei sequenced and mapped across hippocampal subregions such as the dentate gyrus, CA1, CA3, and subiculum. Each region unveiled its own molecular signature, attesting to the functional specialization embedded within the hippocampal architecture.

One of the most striking findings of this atlas is the discovery of novel neuronal subtypes, previously undistinguished in human tissue. Beyond classical excitatory and inhibitory neurons, the study illuminated rare and region-specific interneurons exhibiting unique gene expression profiles, potentially underpinning specialized circuit functions. These cell types carry distinct molecular fingerprints involved in synaptic regulation, neurotransmitter signaling, and plasticity, suggesting nuanced roles in cognitive processes and vulnerabilities in disease states.

Moreover, the atlas uncovered extensive heterogeneity among non-neuronal cell populations, including astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and vascular cells. Each of these glial classes manifested diverse subpopulations with distinct molecular programs likely contributing to neurovascular coupling, immune surveillance, and metabolic support across hippocampal territories. Intriguingly, certain astrocyte subtypes showed enrichment for genes implicated in neurodegenerative disorders, hinting at localized mechanisms of pathology initiation or progression.

Spatial transcriptomics further enriched these revelations by situating molecular signatures within precise hippocampal layers and cytoarchitectonic boundaries. For example, gene expression gradients across the dentate gyrus granular layer correlated with functional zones responsible for adult neurogenesis. Such spatial resolution offers an invaluable framework for dissecting how cellular neighborhoods influence network dynamics and information processing.

Beyond normal physiology, this high-definition atlas bears profound implications for understanding neurological diseases. The hippocampus is notoriously susceptible to insults in conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease, epilepsy, and psychiatric disorders. By defining baseline molecular states and spatial arrangements, this resource provides a compass for identifying molecular derangements characteristic of disease, facilitating biomarker discovery and targeted therapeutic interventions.

Technically, the study surmounted significant challenges. Single-nucleus extraction from delicate human brain tissue is notoriously tricky due to RNA degradation post-mortem and the dense extracellular matrix of the hippocampus. The researchers optimized nuclei isolation protocols to minimize technical noise and maximize capture efficiency. Similarly, the spatial transcriptomics employed multiplexed in situ hybridization methods capable of resolving dozens to hundreds of gene transcripts simultaneously while maintaining histological context.

Bioinformatically, integrating these extensive datasets required novel computational frameworks to align single-nucleus profiles with spatial coordinates, accounting for batch effects and donor variability. Advanced machine learning algorithms successfully clustered cells into biologically meaningful groups and inferred spatial gradients of gene expression, enabling the visualization of molecular landscapes with unparalleled clarity.

This atlas is not only a snapshot of human hippocampal biology but also a dynamic template for longitudinal studies. By incorporating data from diverse demographics and pathological states, future expansions can chart how the hippocampal molecular milieu evolves across the lifespan or under disease stressors. Its publicly available nature invites researchers worldwide to harness and build upon this foundational resource.

From a broader perspective, this integrated atlas exemplifies the transformative power of multi-modal ‘omics’ technologies in neuroscience. It shifts paradigms from reductionist approaches toward holistic views that capture the complexity of brain tissue architecture at molecular resolution. Such maps pave the way for precision medicine strategies tailored to cellular and regional vulnerabilities within the human brain.

Crucially, this work highlights the importance of spatial context in understanding brain function. Neural circuits do not operate in isolation; rather, their emergent properties arise from intricate spatial arrangements and interactions among heterogeneous cell types. The ability to chart these interactions molecularly and spatially marks a milestone forward, fostering new hypotheses about brain organization and computation.

In conclusion, this breakthrough integrated single-nucleus and spatial transcriptomics atlas illuminates the human hippocampus in unprecedented detail, offering a rich molecular and spatial blueprint. It unlocks doors to unraveling the cellular underpinnings of memory, cognition, and brain disorders, anchoring future neuroscience research in a robust, multi-dimensional framework. As technologies continue to evolve, such integrative atlases promise to transform our grasp of brain health and disease at the smallest yet most intricate scales.

Subject of Research: Human hippocampus molecular and spatial transcriptomic profiling

Article Title: An integrated single-nucleus and spatial transcriptomics atlas reveals the molecular landscape of the human hippocampus

Article References:
Thompson, J.R., Nelson, E.D., Tippani, M. et al. An integrated single-nucleus and spatial transcriptomics atlas reveals the molecular landscape of the human hippocampus. Nat Neurosci (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-025-02022-0

Image Credits: AI Generated

For decades, the LC has been appreciated primarily as a relatively homogeneous cluster of noradrenaline-releasing neurons influencing widespread brain regions. However, the new study challenges this notion by illuminating the “peri-LC” area — a mosaic of inhibitory GABA-producing neurons distributed around the LC dendritic field. These neurons exhibit remarkable transcriptional, spatial, and functional heterogeneity that imparts nuanced control over LC firing patterns, ultimately regulating the organism’s global arousal levels and related behaviors.

To deconvolute the cellular complexity of the LC and its surroundings, the researchers employed a powerful combination of viral tracing techniques and cutting-edge single-cell RNA sequencing integrated with spatial transcriptomics. This integrative molecular approach enabled them to precisely map neuronal identities, revealing distinct cell types within the core LC and its periphery. Their work demonstrated that peri-LC neurons are not merely support cells but constitute diverse populations with unique genetic signatures and connectivity profiles.

Importantly, the study identified that these peri-LC GABAergic neurons receive convergent inputs from distant brain regions, situating them as integral hubs that integrate widespread neuromodulatory signals to finely tune LC activity. This establishes a conceptual leap in understanding how remote information can influence arousal and avoidance behaviors by gating noradrenaline output through local inhibitory microcircuits.

Functional characterization in behaving mice further emphasized the behavioral relevance of the peri-LC networks. Using state-of-the-art neural circuit manipulation and recording approaches, the scientists demonstrated that distinct peri-LC cell types differentially modulate LC firing modes, which in turn govern transitions between arousal states and exploratory behaviors. This nuanced control reflects an elegant circuit mechanism by which the brain dynamically adjusts vigilance and motivational drive in response to environmental demands.

The discovery of pronounced transcriptional and functional heterogeneity fundamentally reframes the LC as a hub not only of noradrenaline release but also of complex local interactions with diverse inhibitory neurons. These interactions likely underpin the precise timing and patterning of LC output required to orchestrate adaptive responses to stress and novel stimuli, with broad implications for understanding the neural basis of neuropsychiatric disorders linked to arousal dysregulation.

By providing a high-resolution molecular and anatomical map of the LC and peri-LC neuron populations, this research offers an unprecedented resource for future investigations. It opens avenues to dissect how disruptions in these microcircuits contribute to pathologies such as anxiety, depression, and attention disorders, where arousal and avoidance responses become maladaptive. The detailed neuron type classification also serves as a reference framework for targeted therapeutic interventions aimed at restoring normal LC function.

The methodological rigor and integration of technologies in this study highlight the power of combining spatial transcriptomics with single-cell sequencing and viral tracing. Such multimodal approaches enable researchers to transcend classical anatomical boundaries, revealing cell-type specific contributions to brain circuitry and behavior with remarkable clarity. This holistic perspective is crucial for decoding the complexity of neuromodulatory systems like the LC.

Moreover, the findings underscore a broader principle applicable across neuroscience: that even brain regions traditionally considered uniform may harbor substantial cellular diversity driving complex circuit functions. Understanding this heterogeneity is essential to unravel the neural coding strategies that support adaptive behavioral states and cognitive flexibility.

In conclusion, Luskin and colleagues’ work revolutionizes our conception of the locus coeruleus as a dynamic and intricately modulated node, shaped not simply by its principal noradrenaline neurons but by a rich constellation of peri-LC inhibitory neurons. These findings deepen our grasp of the biological substrates controlling arousal and exploratory behavior, providing a crucial stepping-stone towards unraveling the neural roots of motivation and neuropsychiatric conditions.

As research progresses, linking the molecular identity of these peri-LC cells to their synaptic connectivity and in vivo dynamics in diverse behavioral contexts will be paramount. The promise of this integrative cellular mapping is transformative: by precisely targeting discrete neuronal populations, future therapies might recalibrate aberrant arousal states, enhancing mental health and cognitive resilience.

The delineation of pericoerulear neuron diversity thus stands as a landmark advance in neurobiology, blending molecular, anatomical, and functional neuroscience to shed light on the fundamental mechanisms of how brains prioritize, respond to, and learn from their ever-changing environments.

Subject of Research: Locus coeruleus and peri-locus coeruleus neuronal diversity in arousal and exploratory behavior regulation

Article Title: Heterogeneous pericoerulear neurons tune arousal and exploratory behaviours

Article References:
Luskin, A.T., Li, L., Fu, X. et al. Heterogeneous pericoerulear neurons tune arousal and exploratory behaviours. Nature (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-08952-w

Image Credits: AI Generated