The work centers on a brain signal known as the error-related potential (ErrP). Within this pattern, a component called the error positivity (Pe) appears when a person becomes consciously aware that an error occurred. Because Pe reflects conscious error detection, the researchers tested whether enhancing this neural signature could improve perceptual learning for visuo-motor mismatches.

Participants completed a joystick task in which a cursor had to be moved toward a target along a straight line. On randomized trials, the cursor path was rotated by varying magnitudes, creating a controlled visuo-motor error. One group received conventional behavioral feedback: they reported whether they perceived a rotation and then saw confirmation of their response. The other group received brain-computer interface (BCI) feedback: an EEG-based system indicated whether it detected an ErrP, giving participants learning signals tied directly to their neural Pe responses.

Training ran daily for five consecutive days. Across sessions, Pe amplitude grew when participants perceived a rotation, indicating that the brain’s conscious error marker became more strongly expressed during learning. Over the full training period, Pe increased overall, suggesting that error awareness itself improved.

The behavioral group showed gains mainly for larger rotation magnitudes, where errors were easier to notice. For smaller rotations, behavioral training produced little improvement in detection. In contrast, BCI training led to accelerated learning and better perception of the smallest errors—precisely the range where conventional approaches struggled.

EEG analyses implicated brain regions involved in decision-making and visuospatial processing, aligning with the idea that BCI feedback helps individuals “tune” both perception and control. The results highlight a neural-targeted learning strategy rather than relying only on overt behavior or self-report.

The authors argue that this approach is safer than pharmacological alternatives for boosting perceptual learning. They also suggest future applications in supporting cognitive function in neuropsychiatric populations and improving rapid, adaptive responses in high-precision domains such as motorsport driving.

“This approach targets the neural signature of error awareness itself, not just behavior,” said senior author José del R. Millán. “By decoding the Pe component in real time and feeding it back to participants, we help the brain amplify its own marker of conscious error detection—something conventional training can’t do once errors get too subtle to notice.”

Subject of Research: Human error awareness and perceptual learning using EEG-based brain-computer interface training
Article Title: Brain-computer interface training fosters perceptual skills to detect errors
News Publication Date: July 15, 2026
Web References: https://advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/21983844 | https://www.wiley.com/en-us/ | https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.76153
References: Deland H. Liu et al., Advanced Science, Published Online: July 13, 2026. DOI: 10.1002/advs.76153
Image Credits: Not provided

Keywords

Brain-computer interface, EEG, error positivity (Pe), error-related potential (ErrP), perceptual learning, visuo-motor errors, conscious error detection, neurotechnology