The pattern theory of selflessness, first proposed in 2024 by Aviva Berkovich-Ohana and colleagues in Mindfulness, drew on philosopher Shaun Gallagher’s “pattern theory of self,” which treats the self not as a single entity but as a coordinated pattern of physical, psychological, social, and narrative features. The framework describes six sequential transformations, labeled T1 through T6, that meditation practice may induce in this self-pattern: ethical consolidation, concentration, mindful awareness, self-deconstruction, flexibility, and finally self-liberation, a state said to approximate the Buddhist ideal of awakened selflessness. Until now, these transformations have been framed largely as changes happening within individual practitioners. Rajan’s paper, titled “Worlding the Self: The Ecological Constitution of the Pattern Theory of Selflessness,” flips that assumption on its head.

The core claim of the new work is radical in its simplicity: ecological processes are not merely helpful conditions or background causes of self-transformation—they are constitutive of it. In other words, the environment is not the stage on which the drama of self-change unfolds; it is a co-author of the drama itself. Drawing on the tradition of ecological psychology founded by James J. Gibson, along with enactivism, the view that cognition arises through the dynamic interplay of organism and environment, Rajan argues that every one of the six transformations involves a distinctive mode of participation with the world. Affordances—the possibilities for action that environments offer to organisms—along with affective scaffoldings such as emotionally resonant objects, rituals, and relationships, and broader social ecologies, all actively shape what the self becomes during contemplative practice.

Consider the first transformation, ethical consolidation. In classical Buddhist training, ethical conduct is not a moral checklist but a way of restructuring the practitioner’s world so that certain actions no longer “solicit” or tempt them. Rajan shows that this means changing the landscape of affordances themselves: a person who has internalized non-harm lives in an environment where harmful options genuinely recede from view rather than requiring constant resistance. The second transformation, concentration, similarly depends on what the paper calls the material engineering of ecologies of attention. Silent retreat centers, meditation huts, carefully timed bells, and structured daily schedules are not conveniences; they are deliberately constructed environments that filter the field of relevant affordances down to a single focal object, making sustained absorption possible in the first place.

The middle transformations reveal even deeper ecological entanglement. Mindful awareness, the third transformation, requires what Rajan describes as generalization across diverse contexts—the cultivated ability to maintain open, non-reactive attention whether one sits on a cushion, crosses a busy street, or navigates a difficult conversation. This generalization, the paper argues, can only be achieved through exposure to genuinely varied environments, because the skill itself is defined as a stable reorganization of how affordances are perceived everywhere, not just in the meditation hall. The fourth transformation, self-deconstruction, then depends on strategically withdrawing the ecological scaffolding that sustains ordinary self-boundaries. Ethnographic research on Thai and Burmese practice traditions, which the paper integrates alongside canonical Buddhist sources such as the Satipaṭṭhāna discourses, illustrates how retreat conditions—removal from social roles, familiar objects, and identity-confirming routines—systematically starve the self-pattern of the environmental supports it needs to maintain itself.

The final two transformations carry the argument to its most provocative conclusions. Flexibility, the fifth transformation, involves reconstituting the organism-environment coupling across qualitatively different conditions, so that the practitioner can maintain equanimity whether the field of affordances is rich or impoverished, threatening or welcoming. And self-liberation, the sixth and culminating transformation, is reinterpreted not as a transcendence of ecology—an escape from the world into some worldless state—but as an irreversible reorientation of the organism-environment relationship itself. In this reading, the awakened practitioner does not leave the ecological loop; the loop has been rewired so completely that the world no longer solicits self-centered reactivity. The paper cites canonical texts, including the Migajāla Sutta’s striking image of the liberated person living “solitary” even amid society, to argue that Buddhist awakening has always been describable as a transformed way of dwelling among affordances rather than an exit from them.

Methodologically, the paper is a work of conceptual analysis, and Rajan is careful about what such an argument can and cannot establish. No new experiments were performed, and no datasets were generated. Instead, the study integrates a relational account of affordances—the position that affordances are properties of the animal-environment system rather than of either the organism or the environment alone—with the influential distinction between the landscape of affordances, the total set of possibilities an environment offers, and the field of relevant affordances, the subset that actually solicits a particular agent at a particular moment. This distinction, developed by researchers such as Erik Rietveld, Julian Kiverstein, and Jelle Bruineberg in the context of skilled intentionality, allows Rajan to give each meditative transformation a precise ecological signature: which affordances vanish, which multiply, and how the field itself is reshaped at each stage.

The conceptual move has significant consequences for how meditation science is done. If the ecological reading is correct, then much of the experimental literature on mindfulness—which typically treats meditation as an internal mental intervention measured on individual questionnaires and brain scans—may be systematically underestimating the role of context. The paper points out that mindfulness-based interventions delivered without explicit ethics-based instruction have shown weaker prosocial effects in meta-analyses, a finding that fits naturally with the ecological view: change the ethical affordance structure of the environment and the self-pattern follows; strip the context and the transformation falters. Rajan also engages with ethnographic work, including Julia Cassaniti’s studies of Thai Buddhist “mindlessness” and the contested politics of secular mindfulness in settings such as the British Parliament, to show that different social ecologies constitutionally produce different self-pattern outcomes.

Perhaps the most scientifically exciting feature of the paper is that it does not remain purely philosophical. By taking the organism-environment system, rather than the isolated brain, as the unit of analysis, the ecological version of the pattern theory of selflessness generates testable empirical predictions that could distinguish it from purely causal alternatives. The paper specifies two promising directions. The first is cross-contextual assessment: if transformations like mindful awareness are genuinely ecological generalizations, they should show up as stable changes in affordance perception and action-readiness measured across radically different environments, not just within laboratory settings or retreat centers. Ecological momentary assessment—real-time sampling of experience in daily life—offers a ready-made methodological toolkit for this purpose. The second is neurophenomenological investigation of retreat-to-daily-life transitions: the critical test comes at the moment a practitioner leaves the engineered ecology of a retreat center and re-enters ordinary life, and combining first-person reports with neuroimaging during exactly those transitions could reveal whether the self-pattern has been internally transformed or merely propped up by its environmental scaffolding.

The study, which was conducted without external funding and reports no competing interests, arrived as a research article in Mindfulness on September 8, 2026, after being received in March and accepted in late August of the same year. Its publication marks a notable moment in an ongoing convergence between contemplative science, ecological psychology, and enactive cognitive science—fields that have increasingly found common ground in questioning the internalist assumptions of mainstream cognitive neuroscience. Scholars working on the extended mind, affective scaffolding, and participatory sense-making have long argued that minds leak beyond skulls; the new paper extends that program into territory few have dared to map: the very structure of the meditating self.

Whether the constitutive hypothesis survives empirical scrutiny remains to be seen, and Rajan explicitly frames the paper as specifying the tests rather than passing them. But if the ecological reading holds, the implications ripple well beyond meditation research. Psychotherapy, education, and mental health policy could all take seriously the idea that self-transformation is something worlds do with people, not something people do alone. In reframing selflessness as a property of the organism-environment system, the paper suggests an answer to an ancient question that is also strikingly modern: we do not so much lose ourselves in the world as discover that we were never separate from it in the first place.