The research team, led by Özge Mengi Çelik of the University of Health Sciences in Ankara and including colleagues from Gülhane Health Sciences Institute and Baskent University, set out to translate and culturally adapt the BEDS and then test whether it behaves the way a good psychological measurement should. Scale adaptation is not simply a matter of word-for-word translation. Each item must carry the same meaning and emotional weight in the new language, and the resulting instrument must demonstrate that it measures a stable, coherent construct before it can be trusted in research or clinical screening.

For the reliability phase, the researchers recruited 411 adults from the community, roughly two-thirds of whom were women, with a mean age of approximately 34 years ranging across a wide adult span. Participants completed a questionnaire covering sociodemographic characteristics along with the BEDS, the well-established Binge Eating Scale, and anthropometric measurements including body mass index. A separate sample of 100 adults took part in the validity analyses, allowing the team to examine the internal structure of the scale without inflating their statistics by analyzing the same dataset twice.

The heart of the study lies in its factor analyses. Exploratory factor analysis, which lets the data reveal their own underlying structure, indicated that the Turkish BEDS consists of a single factor made up of six items, with factor loadings ranging from 0.61 to 0.88. In practical terms, every one of the six questions taps the same core phenomenon: episodes of eating unusually large amounts of food accompanied by a sense of lost control. The items ask about eating far more rapidly than normal, continuing to eat despite not feeling hungry, experiencing physical discomfort such as stomach pain or indigestion, and feeling anger, disgust, or guilt afterward, mirroring the diagnostic picture of binge eating episodes described in psychiatric classification systems.

Confirmatory factor analysis then tested whether this single-factor structure held up under stricter conditions, and it did. The model showed a good fit to the data, with a non-significant chi-square value and a chi-square to degrees of freedom ratio of 1.553, both indicating that the observed data were statistically consistent with the proposed structure. This is important because a scale whose items hang together in a coherent, replicable way produces scores that mean the same thing every time they are administered, which is the foundation of any legitimate measurement.

Reliability results were equally strong. Internal consistency, which reflects how tightly the six items correlate with one another, was assessed using both Cronbach’s alpha and McDonald’s omega. Alpha coefficients were 0.92 at the first administration and 0.91 at retest, while omega coefficients held steady at 0.92 on both occasions, values well above conventional thresholds for clinical instruments. Because internal consistency alone does not guarantee that a scale yields stable scores over time, the team also conducted a test-retest analysis using the intraclass correlation coefficient. The result, an ICC of 0.882 with a 95 percent confidence interval of 0.825 to 0.921, demonstrated excellent agreement and temporal stability, meaning that participants’ scores changed little when the scale was completed again after an interval.

Convergent validity was supported by a strong, positive, and statistically significant correlation between BEDS scores and scores on the Binge Eating Scale, with a Spearman’s rho of 0.719. In other words, people who reported more binge eating symptoms on the new Turkish scale also reported more symptoms on an established measure, exactly the pattern one would expect if both instruments are tracking the same underlying behavior. The correlation was high but not so high as to suggest the two scales are redundant, leaving the shorter BEDS room to add value as a quick screening tool.

The significance of the work extends beyond psychometrics. Binge eating behavior sits at the intersection of nutrition science, mental health, and chronic disease. It is associated with weight gain and obesity, with type 2 diabetes risk, and with emotional dysregulation and depressive symptoms, yet population-level research in Turkey has been constrained by the limited availability of validated Turkish instruments. A six-item scale that can be completed in under a minute lowers the barrier to screening in primary care, dietetics clinics, and community health surveys, potentially identifying individuals who would benefit from evidence-based treatment before complications accumulate.

The open-access publication also includes the full Turkish version of the scale in its appendix, covering episodes over the previous three months and rated on a five-point frequency scale from never to always, which makes it immediately usable by other researchers. The authors caution that their findings come from community-based adult samples and recommend further studies with more diverse sociodemographic groups and clinical populations, such as patients with diagnosed eating disorders or those seeking obesity treatment, to strengthen generalizability. Nonetheless, with high internal consistency, robust construct validity, and excellent temporal stability, the Turkish BEDS now stands as a credible tool, and the study offers a clear template for how rigorous cross-cultural scale adaptation should be done.

Subject of Research: Validation and reliability testing of the Turkish adaptation of the Binge Eating Disorder Scale in a community-based adult sample.

Article Title: Validation and reliability of the Turkish Binge Eating Disorder Scale: a community-based study

Article References: Mengi Çelik, Ö., Ağbal, Z., Akçakaya, S. D., Türkmen, V., & Özdemir, M. (2026). Validation and reliability of the Turkish Binge Eating Disorder Scale: a community-based study. Journal of Eating Disorders. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-026-01728-1

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.1186/s40337-026-01728-1

Keywords: binge eating disorder, scale adaptation, validity, reliability, psychometrics, Turkish version, eating disorders, obesity, psychological assessment, confirmatory factor analysis, community-based study, Journal of Eating Disorders